10,000 years ago Britain became permanently separated from the continent by the Channel
6,000 years ago The first farmers arrived in Britain
4,000 years ago Bronze Age. People learned to make bronze
55 BC Julius Caesar led a Roman invasion of Britain
AD 43 Emperor Claudius led the Roman army in a new invasion of Britain
3rd and 4th centuries AD The first Christian communities began to appear in Britain
AD 410 The Roman army left Britain
AD 600 Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were established in Britain
AD 789 Vikings first visited Britain
1066 - An invasion led by William, the Duke of Normandy, defeated Harold, the Saxon King of England, at the Battle of Hastings.
- William became king of England.
- Start of the Westminster Abbey as the coronation church
- The Tower of London was first built
1066 – 1485 This period is called the Middle Ages
By 1200 The English ruled an area of Ireland known as the Pale, around Dublin
1215 The Magna Carta was established
1284 King Edward I introduced the Statute of Rhuddlan, which annexed Wales to the Crown of England
1314 The Scottish, led by Robert the Bruce, defeated the English at the battle of Bannockburn.
1348 A disease, probably a form of plague, came to Britain
By mid-15th century The last Welsh rebellion had been defeated
By 1400 In England, official documents were being written in English, and English had become the preferred language of the royal court and Parliament
1415 Battle of Agincourt: one of the most famous battles of the Hundred Years War. King Henry V’s vastly outnumbered English army defeated the French.
1450s The English left France
1455 A civil war, called the Wars of the Roses, was begun to decide who should be king of England
1485 - The Wars of the Roses ended with the Battle of the Bosworth Field.
- King Richard III of the House of York was killed
- Henry Tudor, the leader of the House of Lancaster, became King Henry VII
16th century Protestant ideas gradually gained strength in England, Wales and Scotland
21 April 1509 Henry VIII became king of England
28 January 1547 King Henry VIII died
1560 The predominantly Protestant Scottish Parliament abolished the authority of the Pope in Scotland and Roman Catholic religious services became illegal
1564 William Shakespeare was born
1588 The English defeated the Spanish Armada, which had been sent by Spain to conquer England and restore Catholicism
1603 Elizabeth I died. Her cousin, James VI, became King James I of England,Wales and Ireland
1605 A group of Catholics led by Guy Fawkes failed in their plan to kill the Protestant king
1606 The first Union flag was created
1616 William Shakespeare died
1640 Charles I recalled Parliament to ask it for funds
1641 The revolt in Ireland began
1642 Civil war began between the king Charles I and Parliament
1646 Charles I’s army was defeated at the Battles of Marston Moor and Naseby
1649 Charles I was executed
1658 Oliver Cromwell, the leader of the new republic, died
1659 Henry Purcell, the organist at Westminster Abbey, was born
May 1660 Parliament invited Charles II to come back from exile in the Netherlands
1665 Major outbreak of plague in London
1666 A great fire destroyed much of London, including many churches and St Paul’s Cathedral
1679 The Habeas Corpus became law
1643 Isaac Newton was born
1656 The first Jews to come to Britain since the Middle Ages settled in London
1680 – 1720 Many refugees called Huguenots came from France
1685 Charles II died. His brother, James became King James II in England, Wales and Ireland and King James VII of Scotland
1688 Important Protestants in England asked William, the Protestant ruler of the Netherlands, to invade England and proclaim himself king
1689 The Bill of Rights confirmed the rights of Parliament and the limits of the king’s power
1695 - Newspaper were allowed to operate without a government licence
- Henry Purcell died
- George Frederick Handel, a German-born music composer, was born
18th century New ideas about politics, philosophy and science were developed,called the “Enlightenment”
1707 The Act of Union, known as the Treaty of Union in Scotland, was agreed, creating the Kingdom of Great Britain
1714 Queen Anne died
1721 Sir Robert Walpole became the first Prime Minister in British history
1727 - William defeated James II at the battle of the Boyne in Ireland.
- Isaac Newton died
- Thomas Gainsborough, a portrait painter, was born
1732 Richard Arkwright was born
1742 End of Sir Robert Walpole position as a Prime Minister
1744 David Allan, a Scottish painter who was best known for painting portraits, was born
1745 There was another attempt to put a Stuart king back on the throne in place of George I’s son, George II
1746 Charles Edward Stuart was defeated by George II’s army at the battle of Culloden, and escaped back to Europe
1757 William Blake, a British poet, was born
1759 - Robert Burns, a Scottish poet, was born - Sake Dean Mahomet was born
- George Frederick Handel died
By the 1760s They were substantial colonies in North America
1770 William Wordsworth, a British poet, was born
1775 - Joseph Turner, the artist who raised the profile of landscape painting, was born - Jane Austen, an English novelist, was born
1776 - 13 American colonies declared their independence - John Constable, a landscape painter most famous for his works of Dedham Vale, was born
1782 Sake Dean Mahomet came to Britain
1783 Britain recognised the American colonies’ independence
1786 Sake Dean Mahomet moved to Ireland and eloped with an Irish girl called Jane Daly
1788 - Thomas Gainsborough died - Lord Byron, a British poet, was born
1789 There was a revolution in France
1792 Richard Arkwright died
1796 - Robert Burns died - David Allan died
Late 1700s The Quakers set up the first formal anti-slavery group
18th and 19th century The period of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, a rapid development of industry
1800 The Act of Union created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1801 Ireland became unified with England, Scotland and Wales
1805 Britain won the Battle of Trafalgar against combined French and Spanish fleets
1806 Isambard Kingdom Brunel, an engineer who built tunnels, bridges, railway lines and ships, was born
1807 It became illegal to trade slaves in British ships or from British ports
1810 Sake Dean Mahomet opened the Hindoostane Coffee House in George Street,London, the first curry house to open in Britain
1812 - Charles Dickens, who wrote a number of very famous novels, was born
- Robert Browning, a British poet, was born
1815 The French Wars ended with the defeat of the Emperor Napoleon by the Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo
1817 Jane Austen died
1820 Florence Nightingale, often regarded as the founder of modern nursing, was born
1824 Lord Byron died
1827 William Blake died
1832 The Reform Act was first enacted
1833 The Emancipation Act abolished slavery throughout the British Empire
1837 - Queen Victoria became queen of the UK at the age of 18 - John Constable died
1840 Thomas Hardy, an author and poet, was born
1846 Repealing of the Corn
1847 The number of hours that women and children could work was limited bylaw to 10 hour per day
1850 - Robert Louis Stevenson, who wrote books which are still read by adults and children today, was born - William Wordsworth died
1851 - Sake Dean Mahomet died - The Great Exhibition opened in Hyde Park
- Joseph Turner died
1853 – 1856 Britain fought with Turkey and France against Russia in the Crimean War
1854 Florence Nightingale went to Turkey and worked in military hospitals
1856 Sir John Lavery, a successful Northern Irish portrait painter, was born
1857 Sir Edward Elgar, whose piece March No 1 is usually played at the Last Night of the Proms, was born
1858 Emmeline Pankhurst was born. She fought for the right to vote for women
1859 - Isambard Kingdom Brunel died - Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, best known for his stories about Sherlock Holmes, was born
1860 Florence Nightingale established the Nightingale Training School for nurses at St Thomas’ Hospital in London
1865 Rudyard Kipling was born. He wrote books and poems set in both India and the UK
1867 Another Reform Act was enacted
1870 Charles Dickens died
1872 - The first tennis club was founded in Leamington spa - Ralph Vaughan Williams, who wrote music for orchestras and choirs,was born
1874 - Winston Churchill was born - Gustav Holst, an important British composer whose work include The Planets, was born
1879 William Beveridge was born
1881 Alexander Fleming was born
1883 Clement Attlee was born
1870 and 1882 Acts of Parliament gave wives the right to keep their own earnings and property
1853 – 1913 As many as 13 million British citizen left the country to settle overseas
1870 – 1914 Around120,000 Russian and Polish Jews came to Britain to escape persecution
1889 - Emmeline Pankhurst set up the Women’s Franchise League - Robert Browning died
1893 Wilfred Owen, a British poet, was born
1894 Robert Louis Stevenson died
1895 The National Trust was founded
1896 Films were first shown publicly in the UK
1898 Henry Moore, an English sculptor and artist, was born
1899 – 1902 Boer War
1900 Winston Churchill became a conservative MP
1901 End of Queen Victoria’s reign
1902 - R A Butler was born
- Motor-car racing started in the UK
- Sir William Walton, whose best-known works are Façade and Balthazar’s Feast
1903 - Emmeline Pankhurst helped found the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) - Evelyn Waugh, best known for Brideshead Revisited, was born
1904 Graham Greene, who wrote novels often influenced by his religious beliefs, was born
1907 - Rudyard Kipling was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature
1910 Florence Nightingale died
1913 - The British government promised “Home Rule” for Ireland - Benjamin Britten, best known for his operas such as Peter Grimes and Billy Budd, was born
1914 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated - Start of the First World War
- Dylan Thomas was born
- John Petts, a Welsh artist best known for his engravings and stained glass, was born
1916 - British attack on the Somme - Uprising (the Easter Rising) against the British in Dublin
- Roald Dahl, most well known for his children’s books, was born
1918 - Women over the age of 30 were given voting rights and the right to stand for Parliament - End of the First World War
1920 The Cenotaph, the centre piece to the Remembrance Day service, was unveiled
1920s - Many people’s living conditions in the UK got better - The television was developed by John Logie Baird
1921 A peace treaty was signed between the British government and the Irish Nationalists
1922 - Ireland became two countries-The BBC started radio broadcasts - Lucian Freud, a German-born British artist best known for his portraits, was born
- Sir Kingsley Amis, whose best known novel is Lucky Jim, was born
- The Northern Ireland Assembly was established
1923 R A Butler became a Conservative MP
1925 Margaret Thatcher, Britain’s first woman Prime Minister, was born
1927 The BBC started organising the Proms
1928 - Emmeline Pankhurst died - Women were given the right to vote at the age of 21, the same as men
- Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin
- Thomas Hardy died
1929 - The world entered the “Great Depression” - Sir Roger Bannister, the first man in the world to run a mile under four minutes, was born
1930 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle died
1933 - Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany
1934 - Gustav Holst died - Sir Edward Elgar died
1935 The first successful radar test took place
1936 - Rudyard Kipling died - The BBC began the world’s first regular television service
1937 David Hockney, an important contributor to the “pop art”movement of the 1960s, was born
1939 - Adolf Hitler invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war on Germany. - Mary Peters, a talented athlete, was born
- Sir Jackie Stewart, a Scottish former racing driver who won the Formula 1 world championship three
times, was born
1940s Roald Dahl began to publish books and short stories
1940 - German forces defeated allied troops and advanced through France - Winston Churchill became Prime Minister
- The British won the crucial aerial battle against the Germans,called “the Battle of Britain”
1941 - German invasion of the Soviet Union - The United States entered the war when the Japanese bombed its naval base at Pearl Harbour
- The Beveridge Report was commissioned
- R A Butler became responsible for education
- Bobby Moore, who captained the English football team that won the world cup in 1966, was born
- Sir John Lavery died
1942 Publication of the report Social Insurance and Allied Services, known as the Beveridge Report
1944 - Allied forced landed in Normandy on the 6th of June - Introduction of the Education Act, often called “The Butler Act”
1945 - The Allies comprehensively defeated Germany - The war against Japan ended
- Winston Churchill lost the General Election
- Alexander Fleming won the Nobel prize in Medicine
- The British people elected a labour government
- Clement Attlee became Prime Minister
1947 Independence was granted to nine countries, including India, Pakistan and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)
1948 - Aneurin Bevan, the Minister for Health, led the establishment of the National Health Service (NHS) - People from the West Indies were invited to come to Britain and work
1949 The Irish Free State became a republic
1950 The UK signed the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
1950s - Period of economic recovery and increasing prosperity for working people - The hovercraft was invented
1951 Winston Churchill returned as Prime Minister
1952 - Dylan Thomas wrote Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night - The Mousetrap, a murder-mystery play by Dame Agatha Christie, has been running in the West End
since 1952 - Start of Queen Elizabeth II’s reign
1953 - Dylan Thomas died - The structure of the DNA molecule was discovered through work at British universities in London and Cambridge
1954 - First performance of Dylan Thomas’s radio play Under Milk Wood - Sir Roger Bannister became the first man in the world to run a mile under four minutes
1955 Sir Ian Botham, who captained the English cricket team and holds a number of English Test cricket records, was born
1957 - West Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands formed the European Economic
Community (EEC) - Jayne Torvill, who won a gold medal for ice dancing at the Olympic Games in 1984, was born
1958 - Christopher Dean, who won a gold medal for ice dancing at the Olympic Games in 1984, was born - Ralph Vaughan Williams died
1959 Margaret Thatcher was elected as a Conservative MP
1951 – 1964 Britain had a Conservative government
1960s James Goodfellow invented the cash-dispensing ATM
1962 Sir Steve Redgrave, who won gold medals in rowing in five consecutive Olympic Games, was born
1963 William Beveridge died
1964 Winston Churchill stood down
1965 - Winston Churchill died - JK Rowling, who wrote the Harry Potter series, was born
1966 - The English football team won the World Cup - Evelyn Waugh died
1966/67 Sir Francis Chichester was the first person to sail single-handed around the world
1967 - Clement Attlee died - The first ATM was put into use by Barclays Bank in Enfield, north London
1968 The Man Booker Prize for Fiction has been awarded since 1968
1969 - The Concorde, the world’s only supersonic passenger aircraft, first flew - Baroness Tanni Grey-Thompson, an athlete who uses a wheelchair and won 16 Paralympic medals, was
born - Monty Python introduced a new type of progressive comedy
- The Troubles broke out in Northern Ireland
1970 - Margaret Thatcher became a cabinet minister as the Secretary of State for Education and Science - Dame Kelly Holmes, who won two gold medals for running in the 2004 Olympic Games, was born
Early 1970s Britain admitted 28,000 people of Indian origin who had been forced to leave Uganda
1970s Period of serious unrest in Northern Ireland
1972 - The Northern Ireland Parliament was abolished - Mary Peters won an Olympic gold medal in the pentathlon
1973 The UK joined the European Economic Community
1975 Margaret Thatcher was elected as Leader of the Conservative Party and so became Leader of the Opposition
1976 - The Concorde, the world’s only supersonic passenger aircraft, began carrying passengers - Dame Ellen MacArthur, who became the fastest person to sail around the world single-handed,was born
- Sir Chris Hoy, a Scottish cyclist who has won six gold and one silver Olympic medals, was born
- Benjamin Britten died
1978 The world’s first “test-tube baby” was born in Oldham,Lancashire
1979 - Margaret Thatcher became the first woman Prime Minister of the UK - David Weir, a Paralympian who uses a wheelchair and has won six gold medals, was born
1980 Bradley Wiggins, who became the first Briton to win the Tour de France in 2012, was born
1983 - Mo Farah, a British distance runner who is the first Briton to win the Olympic gold medal in the 10,000
metres, was born - Sir William Walton died
1984 - Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean won gold medals for ice dancing at the Olympic Games - The Turner Prize, celebrating contemporary art, was established
1986 - Jessica Ennis, who won the 2012 Olympic gold medal in the heptathlon, was born - Henry Moore died
1987 Andy Murray, a Scottish tennis player who in 2012 won the men’s singles in the US Open, was born
1990s Britain played a leading role in coalition forces involved in the liberation of Kuwait
1990 - Information was successfully transferred via the web for the first time - Roald Dahl died
- Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
1991 - John Petts died - Graham Greene died
1993 Bobby Moore died
1994 Ellie Simmonds, a Paralympian who won gold medals for swimming at the 2008 and 2012 Paralympic Games, was born
1995 Sir Kingsley Amis died
1996 Sir Ian Wilmot and Keith Campbell lead a team which was the first to succeed in cloning a mammal, Dolly the sheep
1997 The Labour Party led by Tony Blair was elected
1998 The Good Friday Agreement was signed
1999 - The Northern Ireland Assembly was elected - Creation of the Welsh Assembly and the Scottish Parliament
2000 - Mary Peters was made a Dame of the British Empire in recognition of her work - Since 2000, British armed forces have been engaged in the global fight against international terrorism and
against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
2002 The Northern Ireland Assembly was suspended
2003 - The Concorde, the world’s only supersonic passenger aircraft, was retired from service - The Lord of the Rings by JRR Tolkien was voted the country’s best-loved novel
2004 Dame Ellen MacArthur became the fastest person to sail around the world single-handed
2006 The Welsh Assembly building was opened
2007 - The Northern Ireland Assembly was reinstated - Gordon Browntook over as Prime Minister
2008 Forced Marriage Protection Orders were introduced for England, Wales and Northern Ireland
2009 British combat troops left Iraq
2010 For the first time in the UK since 1974, no political party won an overall majority in the General Election
2011 - Lucian Freud died - The National Assembly for Wales has been able to pass laws in 20 areas without the agreement of the
UK Parliament - Protection Orders for forced marriages were introduced in Scotland
2012 - Bradley Wiggins became the first Briton to win the Tour de France - Mo Farah became the first Briton to win the Olympic gold medals in the 10,000 metres
- Queen Elizabeth II’s Diamond Jubilee (60 years as Queen)
- The public elected Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) in England and Wales
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