BillyWu 转贴的考试教材收集（陆续添加中）

lolingcat · 2020年11月10日 12:37

lolingcat · 2020年11月10日 12:37

走遍美国

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lolingcat · 2020年11月10日 12:37

2001年雅思口语真题罗列 1.special gift:What is the gift? Who give it to you? What is it for? Try to compare the gift you received in your teenage with the gift children received now. and just image the gift in the future children will receive. describe the gift u like most, an tell the reason, Who give u? and u can describe the ways people send others gift.

2.Bulding:What is the interesting building in you country? What is it located? what is used for? Explain why you think it is the most interesting?

3.friend:what is your best friend? and how you met and what do your think the difference between adult and children making friend? tell me the way u make friends with others. and u think what people should be your friends?

4.describe the festival in your country: e.g: spring festival Chinese New Eve:1.dinner(family gathering);2.special program on CCTV to welcome the CNY; Chinese New Years Day:1.visiting relatives;2.friends visiting.(all ting/eating/drinking); the rest of the days:1.shopping;2.sightseeing.

5.travel:describe your latest travel in detail. with whom? and the destination, it take u how long to get to the destination. describe the natural scene. some interesting things happened during your travel? can u describe it for me? your reason to travel is what?

6.transportation:give me some opinion on the transportation in your city. compare the different transportation, such as between plane, train, car. can u just image the transportation in the future and describe it for me? just compare the transportation in the past and now. u like what transportation and why.

7.meaningful things:不是很清楚，希望抽到这个题目的网友加以补完。

8.music:describe the role music play in our life. what effects will take place u think to let children study an insurment? u like music or not? why? u think music play what role in your life? describe the music u like most and tell me why?

9. clothes:u like what clothes? the prescript on clothes when u r working? and just the prescript on clothes in school. the different between the older and younger people on clothes.

10. reading group

11. Describe something that you would like to learn to do! PS: Topic主要分3部分: 1 个人情况(城市/家庭/…) 2 关于服装(喜好/上班着装要求/学校要求/中老年人与年轻人不同之处…) 3 卡片，关于礼物(你收到的最喜欢的礼物，谁送的，是什么，为什么喜欢/人们送礼习惯…)

12. part1:What’s your full name?Do you work or study now?Tell me something about your job.Do you plan to change your job?What’s your future plan?Tell me something about the accommodation you live in, either here or in your hometown?What’s the advantage of your accommodation?What’s the disadvantage of your accommodation?What’s the weather like in your hometown?Which season do you like most?

part2:Describe one sport that you like to play or watch most.1.How do you begin to like it?2.Why you like it?3.How often do you play or watch it?And explain why you prefer this sport to other sports?

part3:What’s the difference between watching sports on TV and in the stadium?Why people like to watch sports on TV?What do you think the importance of playing sports?If someone don’t like sport, how do you push him or her?Do you think playing too many sports is harmful? Why?

13. Restaurant

Writing:

2001 10.13

Task 1、举办一个家庭聚会，邀请一个老朋友参加，告诉他为什么要举办PARTY，都有什么内容，为什么他的到来很重要。

Task 2、电视的作用比其他现代发明物在提高人民生活质量上要强的多，你是否同意这种观点。

2001 9.22

Task1是写一封抱怨信，关于电话帐单的，有点类似原来的。Task2讲，20岁前的年轻人现在离开家工作或学习，很多人认为这是独立的表现，描写好处，坏处。

Task2(A)，有人认为科学家对社会的推动力很大，所以学科学的学生就该从政府得到财务支持，其他的，比如商业和语言，就不需要政府财务支持。同意否？

9月考题:

1. TASK1比较澳大利亚贫穷家庭的比例，以及这些家庭的构成情况，Task two : compared with three following media of communicating information ,which is the most effective Comic, Books, film, radio, television, theater,

2．TASK2许多商场和家庭中装了电视录像设备，有人认为是侵犯隐私，有人认为安全更重要，你的观点。

3.Task1:A bar chart shows the percentage of employment of women in 3 sections(AGRICULTURE、SERVICE、MANUFACTURE) in 4 different countries.Task2: Modern technology has influenced people’s entertainment, makes people less creative .Agree orDisagree?

4．TASK 2 的内容是教育问题，现在对孩子的教育是业余时间多学习有教育意义的东西，有的家长认为不能对孩子施加太多的压力，你怎么认为，DICUSS。 2001.9-15TASK 1的内容你是一个外国留学生，你对现在的公寓不满，你去申请一个在学校住的位置。TASK 2 的内容是教育问题，现在对孩子的教育是业余时间多学习有教育意义的东西，有的家长认为不能对孩子施加太多的压力，你怎么认为，DICUSS。

2001 8.12 (深圳)

TASK1:某个银行职员怠慢了你，你要去投书他。

TASK2:是越来越多的人沉迷于电视节目，所以许多的人都建议把电视只用于教育，而不应该用在娱乐上。表明你的观点.

2001 7.14

TASK1：向市政府申请10000美圆的创业基金，说明你的资历和如何花

TASK2：私立学校和公例学校的优点和缺点，你赞成那一个

2001.6.16A类雅思

task 1:bar chart 关于35-39岁的unmarried rate differs from level of education

task 2:people rely on news for knowledge,shall we trust the journalists.what is your opion? what do you think what a good jounalist should be?

5月12日深圳

TASK 1: There are more crimes involving young people because they do not have enough to do. write to the concil: what facilities should be set up and what activities should be organised.

TASK 2: some people believe that government spend too much money on space research while there are still a lot problems on the earth. do you agree or disagree?

5月17日

1 你家附近的宾馆招工，工种很多，你找个适合你的自我推荐一下

2 小孩入学年龄在各个国家不一样，在我们这里是7岁，可能在别的国家为 4岁，有些人说提早好，你觉得如何，试分析利弊

4月21日

task 1: a library want to improve their services.you are a user.write a letter to give you suggestion.must include: 1. the library you like 2. the library you don’t like 3. your suggestion

task 2: some people think that it is more important for a single language as an international offical language. others think that it will make it difficult to identify countries and loss culture. what’s your opinion? and show your reason and example .

3月24日

task1：火车服务不好，就此给列车长写一卦信，半提出改进建议

task2：中学生和大学生离开家走进新环境会遇到许多困难，请你列举一些，并就此发表意见。

第一部分：1. What’s your name? your family?回答：My first name is …, and … is my given name. But most of my friends call me …，如果你的名字有什么意义而且可以解释清楚的话，可以事先准备一段。用时：0.5 min

2. Can you describe your job? your study?回答：你可以详细描述你的current job，也可以从第一份工作开始。这部分因为各人的情况不同，所以无法详细描述。但有几个原则：要言之有物、自信、内容积极向上。你可以将其与你的今后计划和理想联系在一起。用时1-3 min

3. Do you like reading? Sports? …回答：主要是有关你的hobby，你应该有一些内容可以发挥，但注意structure和coherent。可以在考试前作有针对性的练习。用时：1-2 min其他问题可参见新东方的口语参考书。

第二部分：我的card上的要求是Describe the best present/gift you have received Requirement:i. Who send it? ii. When did you receive it? iii. Detail information about the present.这一部分的回答有其特殊性，由于考前你不清楚其出题内容，所以从某种意义上来说，这部分内容对考生的英语口语能力的考核是有相当的可信度。一般来说这一部分的问题涉及的应该是考生熟悉的内容，所以如果用中文的话你肯定有话可说，你可以利用考试提供的一分钟时间用英文或中文对接下来的2分钟要表述的内容列出简要提纲。同样，你应该注意表述内容的上下文关联和递进。

第三部分：

1. In China, when will people send the present?

2. Compare the gift which people have received 10 years ago to the present that people now are receiving, what’s the difference between them? 这是最难的一个部分，因为在这个部分中你需要面对一些抽象的问题和概念，而且这些问题翻译成国语后往往在某种程度上也有相当的难度。这里很大程度上要基于你考试时的临场发挥，但记住不要追求讲一些过于深奥的观点，你会发觉在考试的时候很难表达。IELTS口语考试注重的考生的以下几点：Fluency and Coherent; Lexical Resource; Grammatical Range and Accuracy;and Pronunciation。只要你对其有一些认识后，多做一些模拟练习，我相信你一定肯定可以顺利通过考试。先寒暄，谈家庭，工作，老家，婚姻状况，Y2K，手机对人体有害…cue card，假装顾客向他买就电视机，问成色，价格，厂家…谈未来，为何移民，想去哪个城市，工作前景…

lolingcat · 2020年11月10日 12:37

雅思作文题目选集(A类)

1现代生活中，许多人认为现在的工作压力比以前大了，闲暇时间更少，你的看法如何？

Many people think that work nowadays is more stressful and less leisurely than in the past, how about you opnion?

2有人认为现代科技的不断发展，传统文化和技术必会灭亡，继续保持传统的文化和技术已经没有意义了，你的看法？

As the development of modern science and technology, some aspects of traditional culture are being lost, so some people think that the traditional culture and technology will be replaced by the modern science and technology such as computer or internet, what is your opinion?

3人类登月进行探索已有30多年历史，有人认为类似科研活动浪费金钱时间，你的看法如何？

Some people believe that government spends too much money on space research while there are still a lot of problems on the earth. Do you agree or disagree?

4有人认为像世界杯这样的体育盛事是有利于缓解世界的紧张局势和偏见，维护世界和平的，请讨论？

Some sport events such as the World Cup may help reduce the tension and bias between different countries and keep the peace of the world, what is your opnion?

5有人认为对待动物应该如宠物一般，有人认为动物是食物和衣服的主要来源，请讨论？

Some people think that the animals should be treated as pets, others think that animals are resources of food and clothing. What is your opinion?

6有人认为电视(网络)的普及影响到生活中家庭成员或是朋友之间的亲密关系，你的看法如何？

三方面：电视television电话telephone网络internet or network

7现代一个成功人士所需素质是不是必须从大学或相似的科研学术机构中学习而获得呢，你是否支持？ 8贫穷国家现在已经认识到卫生，教育，贸易对国家发展的重要性，许多人认为发达国家应该对这些贫穷国家予以支持。你的观点？

Some people think that the developed countries should fund international aid to poor countries to help these developing countries to develop domestic health, education and trade. What is your opinion?

9许多国家的孩子在课余参加一些有偿劳动，有人认为这种做法是错误的，而有人认为这种劳动可以使孩子们学到知识，并提高他们的责任感，你的看法？

10现代社会青少年犯罪问题(三个方面：吸毒，酗酒，自杀)

Young drug abuse is a serious problem nowadays in many countries, what are the reasons for this and what can be done to combat it? (drug毒品药丸，alcohol and tobacco,香烟和酒精，suicide自杀)

11一些明星或是体育明星往往可以拿到很高的薪水，而一些公益事业的工作者例如教师护士却薪水很少，这样是否合理？(新东方作文)

12有很多人认为应该把把动物园关闭，因为这样对动物太残忍，而且对社会的作用太小，也有些人认为动物园能够带给人们欢乐，尤其是孩子，你对此观点的看法？ 13现代人们依赖新闻和报纸去了解信息，但往往又不是很确定这些报纸或新闻的真实性,我们是否应该信赖记者呢？你有什么看法呢?一个好的记者或新闻工作者应具备什么素质呢？

14随着英语在全球的发展，越来越多人说英语，请说下这种现象的利弊。(近似题目31)

15有人说现在的学生在学校里受到很大的压力，有来自父母，有来自老师的，请评价一下这种现象？

16许多人对新千年很乐观，认为这是一个机会让我们的世界发生一些变化，你是否同意这种说法，你希望看到世界有何变化？

Some people think that the new Millennium is the opportunity while others think it is danger. What do you think about it and what do you expect to happen in the new Millennium.

17公众人物的隐私经常受到记者暴露和报道。他们是否该拥有隐私权？他们隐私权之被侵害是否正是因其名该付出代价?你的看法？

If famous people are treated unfairly by the media? Should they be given more privacy, or is the price of their fame an invasionsintostheir private lives?

18发展中国家是应该致力于发展本国的科技研究还是发展人文教育上？你的看法？ Should developing countries concentrate on Improving industrial skills and modern technology or should they promote education first?

19一个国家和城市的环境保护是应该由个人，团体(公司)和政府来共同承担的，这种看法是否正确，你的看法？

Who should be responsible for protecting the environment of a city or a country - the government , the corporation or the people?

20现代科技发展给人类生活带来的巨大的影响，有人认为这使我们的生活比以前更美好，方便，但有人却说以前的生活更好，你的看法？

Does modern technology make life more convenient, or was life better when technology was simpler?两个方面：核能量的使用nuclear energy,汽车automobile (新东方作文)

21现在很多国家发展本国旅游和观光事业，有人认为这对国家之间的交流和文化联系是有很大的帮助的，但也有人认为这造成了本国的环境污染的问题，你的看法？

Tourism is a multibillion dollars industry that supports economic development, some people think that it causes damage to local environment and culture, so what is your opinion?

22有人认为医生的第一义务是应以救人为主,且不论病人之贫贱,而非以利益为优先之手术及较照顾富有的病人，你的看法？

Nowadays doctors can become very rich. Maybe they should not focus on profitable activities such as plastic surgery or looking after rich patients and concentrate more on patient health, no matter how rich they are?

23在信息世界里,现代科技中如计算机网络逐步普及，有人认为它将会取代书籍及其它书寓式大众传播媒体，你的看法？

Will modern technology, such as the internet ever replace the book or the written word as the main source of information?

24犯罪者应以入狱等方式去惩罚他,还是以"再教育.再适应的方式",如社区服务.活动.课程等,来引导他们再进入社会，你的看法？

Should criminals be punished with lengthy jail terms or re-educated and rehabilitated, using community service programs for instance, before being reintroduced to society?

25现在大学给学生推荐工作，有人认为大学需要根据毕业生的就业来优化课程，也就是设置一些适应实际工作需要的课程，但另外一些人反对，觉得大学还是重点学习理论方面的知识，你的看法？ 26在一些国家，如果家长在身体上折磨或是惩罚孩子将会触犯法律并且会被拘捕，一些人认为这样的惩罚措施是教育孩子加强纪律约束他们的行为，另外有些人认为这种惩罚是不合适的，说说你的看法？

In some countries if parents hit children or punish children physically, they will break the law and will be arrested. Some people think that punishment is good for teaching children to discipline their behaviour, others say it’s the matter of parents.

27有人认为用一种官方语言比较好，也有人认为一种语言将导致丧失民族语言的特性，请你说一下自己的看法？

some people think that it is more important for a single language as an international offical language. others think that it will make it difficult to identify countries and loss culture. what’s your opinion? and show your reason and example .

28现代社会电视广告在人们的生活中十分普及，人们需要的也买，不需要的也买，尤其是青少年受到的影响特别深，有些人认为要限制广告，你的看法？ With the development of market economy advertisements have become a dominant feature in television industry descript the rich information brought by TV, there still exits strong criticism against TV advertisements. Write on article analyzing the passive and negative effects of TV advertisements.

29有些人认为政府不应该把大量的资金用于艺术建设，因为对于国家来说有更重要的事情要解决，你的看法？

It is wrong that our government pays more money to the artist projects, for instance, there are more and more paintings and sculptures appearing at the public places, because there are more important things to do. What is your opinion?

30工作状况和趋势

The world of work is changing rapidly. Working conditions today are not the same as before and people no longer rely on taking one job for life. Discuss the possible causes of these changes and give your suggestions on how people should prepare for work in the future.

31

Write an arguement to an educated person of following statement : Students who go directly from school to university benefit less from ,and contribute less to their courses than those who take a job or travel insgroupsto get more experience in “real world” before they starting higher education. To what extent you agree or disagree this statement.

32

Some people feel that insgroupsto improve the quality of our education, we should encourage high school student to evaluate and criticize their teachers. Other feels it will cause the loss of respect and discipline in the classroom.

33

Many people say that we have developedsintosa“throw-away society”, because we are filling up our environment with so many plastic bags and rubbish that we cannot fully dispose of. To want degree do you agree with this opinion and what measures can you recommend to reduce this problem.

34

Select three of below communicating media and discuss its advantages and disadvantages, and tell which one is the most effective you feel: film, books, radio, television.

35随着技术的发展，人门的娱乐习惯改变了，而且减少了创造力。

Modern technology has influenced people’s entertaiment,makes people less creative.Agree&Disagree?

36有人认为科学家对社会的推动力很大，所以学科学的学生就该从政府得到财务支持，其他的，比如商业和语言，就不需要政府财务支持。同意否？

lolingcat · 2020年11月10日 12:37

Toefl词汇的记忆方法精汇

对于准备靠考TOEFL的同学来说,记单词是最头痛的一件事。在学外语所花费的时间中，记单词占的比重最大。相对于语法而言，词汇的记忆量约占90％。因此，根据记忆的科学规律来研究高效率的外语单词学习方法具有重要的意义。

一、黑白循环记忆法

黑白循环记忆法的核心意义是通过对大纲规定的词汇进行分类,找出记忆重点，排除非核心词汇的干扰，通过对不同级别单词的先后记忆，最终达到全部掌握单词的目的。

本记忆法规定，如果考生对某一单词，能说出它的所有汉语意思和用法，那么本单词对他来说就是白词。如果能说出它的部分意思，就把定义为灰词；如果不能够说出它的任何意思和用法，就把她定义为黑词。

记忆的顺序是先记忆灰词，将全部灰词转化为白词。消灭了灰词后，就开始记忆黑词，经过一段时间的记忆，一部分黑词就可能转化为白词，另一部分变成了灰词。在以后的记忆中，黑词不断地变为灰词,灰词不断地变成白词，最终所有词汇都变成白词。这是第一层面上的循环。

另一个层次上的循环是，在记忆灰词和黑词时，可以将单词按一定的标准分组，规定第一天记忆第一组，第二天记忆第二组，第三天记忆第三组，复习第一组，第四天记第四组复习第二组，依次循环，达到边记忆边复习的目的。

这种单词记忆的好处是学习者始终知道自己的学习任务和学习效果。有关黑白词汇的记忆的具体方法，大家可以参看我们的《大学英语词汇黑白记忆法》。

二、词根、词缀记忆法

黑白循环记忆法解决的是四级词汇的宏观记忆方法，而词根词缀记忆法解决的是词汇微观记忆问题。它的特点是充分利用单词的构词规律，通过掌握一组单词的共同词根或词缀，达到成串记忆单词的目的。比如知道 able，abil 的意思是capable 能，就可以知道able，enable，unable，ability，capable等都是和能力和才干有关系的;如果知道act=to do，to drive做，干，驱动那么记忆act，action，actor，actress,active ,activity,activate,actual,exact,reactor，interact，transaction等就非常简单了。知道了part=to separate的意思是分离，分开更可以记住一长串单词: parcel，park，partly，partial，partner，party，participate，participant，particle，particular,apart, apartment，department，compartment，depart，part，partion 。类似的词根还有很多。在这里我们仅举几例，有关大学英语的词根，词缀记忆的方法，大家可以参看我们的《大学英语词汇词根、词缀记忆法》一书。

advan=forward在前，向前；add=to put to加上；aer=air，space空气，天空，太空；ag=to do，to move，to conduct做，搅动，引导；alter= to change 改变；ampl=large，spacious宽，大；ann，enn=year年；art=skill技艺；cur(e)，sur(e)-=care操心，关注，安全，照看，医治；dic，dit=to speak讲,说；form，forma=，format=shape，figure形成，模式。

除了词根以外，英语单词当中还有很多词缀(包括前缀，后缀)，这些前缀和后缀在单词当中出现得非常频繁。记住了这些单词的前缀和后缀再加上词根的帮助，记忆单词绝不是一件无序的事情，而是一件有众多规律可循的事情。也就是说，掌握了词根，词缀记忆法之后，我们所记忆的单词量不再是4200个，而可能是1000个左右，甚至可能更少。

这种记忆方法的优点是，可以充分利用单词之间的形式和意义联系，对大量的词汇进行模糊记忆，这里的模糊是指，只要知道某个单词中包含有某个认识的词根或词缀，就可以大致知道该次词的大致意义或词性，从而大大提高阅读理解能力。相应地，在做词汇题或阅读理解中的上下文中词汇题时，也能根据词根、词缀做出正确的判断。

三、全息记忆法

所谓的全息记忆法就是利用单词的有效记忆原理之一的 “意群记忆原理”来记忆单词。记忆科学研究证明如果单个记忆单词既累又不能长时间地巩固。只要将单词按一定的意义联系组合起来记忆,效果会大大地提高。全息记忆法可以按马克思主义原理对于物质的分类方法把四级大纲上的词汇分成“物质世界”,“人类社会”和“科学思维”三个大类。“物质世界”又可细分为“无生命物质”和“有生命物质”。“无生命无物质”可以包含物质的最小成分(atom，particle)到宇宙大空间(universe，solar，lunar)；“有生命物质”可以包括构成生命的最小单位基因(protein,gen,cell)，低级的水生生物(fish，shellfish)到爬行(reptile,insect) 再到飞行动物(bird),哺乳动物(mammal),猿(monkey,)和人(human being) 。在“人类社会”这一概念下的上层建筑就可以包含皇家(royalty,dynasty,dictator),贵族(nobleman，landlord)，政府(government，official administrate)，选举(election，vote),立法(congress，assembly，legslative)，动荡(disorder，uprising,revolution) ，警察(police officer) ，监狱(gail，prison),武装(army，armed forces)，战争(war，weapon，surrender，defeat，victory)，和平(peace,treaty)。以上所列举的都是按一定的名词概念进行的分类，在实际操作中只要是和这些概念和意义有关的名词，动词及其短语，形容词和副词等都可以一并记忆。

这种记忆方法的优点在于学习者可以随时随地根据某一信息联想记忆单词。比如: 一个人骑车走在街上就可以联想到 bicycle，truck，car，vehicle，bus,traffic (jam，light)，rush hours，highway，freeway，zebra,lines，cement，sidewalk，underpass，fine，road，passenger，shops，fence等词。又如: 我们到医院能想到hospital，doctor，nurse，ward，medicine，cure，treatment，injection，illness，clinic，等等。

本记忆法的另一个优点是能突出一些常见单词的不常用的意义，因为多义词的不同意思可能被归入不同的意群当中。比如: resource可以归入三个意群当中,它与substance，nature 等放在一起表示“物质资源”；与method，approach 放在一起表示“办法”；与wit放在一起表示“智谋”和“应变之才” 。

四、其他记忆方法

坦率地讲，只要有利于单词的记忆，大家可以想尽一切办法来记忆，有时，甚至可以忽略它们有无科学道理。下面我们就向大家再介绍几种有效的词汇记忆方法，供参考。同学们也可以在学习单词当中，自己有意识地总结,探索出对自己来说行之有效的单词记忆方法。但是，一旦你找到了好的方法，请一定不要忘记了和大家一起分享。

1. 基本义联想法

这种方法利用多义单词的意义扩展规律，首先抓住单词最基本的意思，然后根据其他词义与基本义的联系来轻松地记忆单词。比如: 我们知道immediate(ly)的基本意思是“中间没有间隔地”就可以较容易地记住它的三个意思: 1) (时间)立刻；2)(空间)紧挨，紧接，紧跟；3) (关系)直接。

2. 形义联想法

这种方法的做法是找出单词之间形状和意义的共同特点，利用他们的共同特点展开记忆。

比如我们对 ball，ballet，balloon，ballot，bullet等几个词就可以做这样的联想记忆。，即他们都和球有着意义是上的联系。balloon是体积较大的气球，ballot是用来投票的纸球，bullet是体积较小的金属球。再比如: brace(支柱，支架)，bracket(托架，括号) brake(闸，刹车)，branch(分叉，树枝) 等几个词当中都包含了br，而它像张开两手向前作“抱”的姿势。这几个单词的汉语意思当中也都包含一个，抱或托的形象。

3. 趣味造句法

此方法是用一个有趣的句子将一组词串起来。比如 baby,bachelor,bacon，bad，badly,bacteria，balance 等几个词在拼写和意义上都没有什么联系，我们可以通过一个例子将它们贯穿。A bachelor without a baby lost his balance and fell ill badly because he has some bad bacon with bacteria，and was awarded a badge。一个没有孩子的单身汉身子失去了平衡，结果病得很厉害，因为他吃了一些带菌的熏肉，并被授予一枚勋章。

这个句子荒诞离奇，但却巧妙地将所有地连在一起，而且它还体现了各个单词的用法，由于单词大多以同一个字母开头，因此具有头韵的效果，读起来朗朗上口。

4. 巧用单词之间的共同成分，由熟悉的单词记忆新单词。

如: 由east 我们可以扩展记忆 beast(野兽)，feast(盛宴)，yeast(硝母)；由obtain(获得)，contain(包含)，maintain(维持)，sustain(支持)，retain(保留) 。

5. 分割记忆联想

本方法就是把一个单词分成几个单词或部分，利用它们之间的意义进行联想从而达到形象记忆的效果。比如,charisma (领导人的超凡魅力)可以这样拆分记忆: cha可以看作China，ris，ma 可以看作是rise，Mao 连起来就是China rises Mao。(中国升起了毛泽东)------做为领袖毛泽东具有超凡的魅力。

记单词重在反复，我们介绍的记忆方法都是建立在反复记忆的基础上。比如今天背50个单词用了30分钟，明天复习一下只要几分钟，再过一个星期复习时也只需几分钟，复习的时间间隔逐渐延长，单词就记得越牢。相反，你今天记了100个单词，过了十天在看时又等于重新记生词。

lolingcat · 2020年11月10日 12:37

TOEFL最新成语及其例句

导读：TOEFL的最新成语汇总，非常口语话，非常实用的地道美语，出现在听力及阅读中。一起来学习。

1.Those second-hand pianos are selling like hot cakes, if you want one, you’d better buy one now before they’re all gone.

sell like hot cakes = sell very well or very quickly

2.Whenever I have to make a speech I get butterflies in my stomach.

get butterflies in one’s stomach = get nervous

3 He would do anything for his daughter. She was the apple of his eye.

be the apple of one’s eye = be very precious to sb.

4 Lend me $30,please, Tom, I’m broke at the moment.

be broke = doesn’t have any money

5 The accident was caused by a taxi driver jumping the green light.

jump the green light = doesn’t wait for the traffic lights to change to green

6.You didn’t think I was serious, did you, Joe! It was a joke! I was pulling your leg, that’s all.

pull one’s leg = tease someone, 逗某人玩

7 Because the owner wanted a quick sale, the painting went for a song- only $1000.

If something “goes for a song”, it is sold very cheaply

8 There was a shortage of food; so you had to pay through the nose for what you could find.

To “pay through the nose” for something is to pay far more for something than it is really worth

9 If he finds out what you did with the company’s money, he’ll hit the roof.

hit the roof=get very angry

10 The sky got very dark and soon the rain began to bucket down.

bucket down = rain very heavily

11 They all chip in for the benefit of Simpson’s widow and little child.

chip in=contribute money 捐献

12.He usually buys his clothes off the peg. It’s cheaper than going to a dressmaker.

Off the peg clothes = 成衣

13 Now stop beating about the bush and tell me what happened!

beat about the bush= avoid saying directly what you mean

14 I really must go and lie down for a while ;I’ve got a splitting headache.

Splitting headache= painful headache

lolingcat · 2020年11月10日 12:37

TOEFL如何做阅读题 ZT

阅读理解部分是TOEFL考试的第四部分，这一部分考试时间为55分钟，阅读长度为350词左右的文章5篇，做50道含四个选项的客观题。从题型看，TOEFL阅读的特点是题量大，涉及的词汇面广；从题目顺序来看，阅读放在最后。一般来说，在做完写作,听力，语法三部分之后，考生已经开始感到有些疲倦。要想考好阅读，不光要凭扎实的英语基础，而且还要讲求做题策略。如何避免做题的误区，如何读好每一篇文章，如何合理安排考场时间，如何答好每一道题，这些都是每个考生十分关心的问题。笔者在长期的TOEFL 教学中总结出了一些经验，在此愿意介绍给广大考生。

一、做题的误区

考生做TOEFL阅读时，时常表现出一些不良的做题习惯。有些考生读文章时喜欢在试题上划线，似乎不做记号，阅读就无法进行，思绪就停止了活动。而考生在试题的任何一部分做任何标志记号。

有些考生文章根本不读完，直接做题。这种方法相当于瞎子摸象，对文章的概念无法获得。要提问的题量有所增加。所以，不看文章直接做题的方法是极其危险的。

有些考生则喜欢把文章一字不漏地细读之后在做题。这种方法仅适合于两种情况，其一，考生已具备相当的阅读水平，长期以来运用这种方法效果甚佳；其二，某一篇具体的文章是考生所熟悉的内容，细读文章并不应该忘记，阅读理解测试速度和理解两个方面。在做词汇题时，许多考生认为做不对题与自己的词汇量有关，认识的单词能做对，不认识的单词就会做错。事实上，那些认识的单词经常就会做错，不认识的单词就会做错。事实上，那些认识的单词经常做错，不认识的单词反而能做对。原因是，做不认识的单词时，忽略上下文，便匆匆做出抉择。所以，做好词汇的关键在于透彻分析上下文─词汇题的句子以及上下一句话，有时候，个别词汇题也许需要在文章其他段落寻找线索。

另一个问题是如何检查答案。有想当多的考生做完题之后，或多或少剩下一些时间，但不能有效利用。有的考生东看一篇文章，西看一道题，似乎在检查，却没有明确的目标，有时候把正确的答案改错。我们认为里在富裕的时间，考生应重点检查两类题：一类是个别的理解题；另一类是个别词汇题。阅读有时后是一种不可思议的行为，有时候，你的脑子会因断电而僵在某一个点上，不会有任何收获，但是当你放下这个难点，做完别的题后再回过头来处理这个难题时，一下子又变得畅通无阻。如果出现这种情况，考生可以在答题纸上题的序号旁标记这个难题，先预选答案，待有时间时在仔细推敲。检查完务必将序号旁的记号擦掉。

二、读文章的方法读文章一般分为两个步骤：

第一步：花两三分钟时间扫描每篇文章头一两个句子，定位文章难易程度。虽然平均每篇文章做题时间为11分钟，答案是有的文章需要15分钟左右。一般来说，5篇文章中有两篇难度较大，比方说，如果最后一篇文章难度较大，且有12～14道题，在这种情况下，按部就班做题就有可能因时间不够而做错好多道题，带来巨大的损失。因此首先定位文章难易程度，同时目测文章的含金量（既题量分布），有助于科学分配阅读部分的做题时间。

第二步：采取“结构扫描”法分配阅读具体一篇文章。所谓结构，既文章的骨架。TOEFL文章是纯学术体Acasemic,是■■■■留学生在大学里天天都能接触到的教科书风格的文章，这些文章涉及人文社科和自然段组成，正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章受句先吃透，文章首句经常为文章主题。然后把首段的其他句子尽快略读，文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。各段落其他句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句，没有必要每个句子都彻底看个明白。有时候，段落中个别句子理解难度大，而不涉及考题，在此句停留无疑是白百浪费时间。所以，采取“结构扫描”法，意味着以最快捷的方式了解文章大从而正确引导下一步做具体的题，而不至于出现大方向的理解错误。

三、答题的方法

１．做题总则：

文章大致看完之后，才能开始做题。做题时，应牢记以下几点：

① 每篇文章的题目基本上根据文章布局一步一步向前推进，即使有个别题打乱文章布局，在题干里总是有提供信息的关键词将考生带入文章的具体部位。

② 做题时，根据题干或选项的关键词回归文章寻找重现关键词或其释义的语言区域，透彻理解，同时排除相应的选项。

③ 解题遇到难句时，最直接有效的方法就是对其进行句子结构分析，迅速把握整个句子的意思，不要盯着单个词不放，不然就会因小失大。

④ 每个问题的四个选项或者是对文章中相关部分的正确释义，或者是歪曲原文，或者与原文毫不相关。换句话说，命题专家在设置试题时会玩一些文字游戏，用各种表达形式让考生昏头转向，雾里看花。考生应该明白自己的职责是辨别真伪，找到符合文章意思和题意的选项。换句话说，考生在答题时不能有参与意识，有些考生做错题就是因为带上了自己的偏见，以次我们要时刻牢记一点：答案永远是根据文章内容答题，应该排除文章以外的任何干扰因素。读者毕竟不是作者。

２．区别对待几种题：

① 主旨题。主旨题有三种：A、作者的意图；B、文章的标题；C、文章的中心思想。这种题一般为第一道题，建议考生把这道题放在最后做，因为做其他题时，考生会逐步了解文章的各个细节，在做题的过程中就会对文章有个总的理解，最后处理主旨题可谓水到渠成，万无一失。

② 举题。列举题有两种：A、一正三误；B、三正一误。也可分为四类。第一类：一句话列举。根据某个选项的语言提示，回归文章找到一句话，这句话含三个选项的内容；第二类：局部列举。根据题意，回归文章发现连续两三句话涉及三个选项的内容；第三类：段落列举。题干语言在某一自然段首句重现。这个句子为段落主题句，即三个选项的内容在这一段出现，不涉及到其他段落；第四类：文章列举。选项内容涉及整个文章。一句话列举题和段落列举题有明显的信号词帮助答题，根据题序做题，不必区别对待。文章列举题和局部列举题则应放在其他题做完之后在处理。

③ 文章结论题。文章结论题即根据文章可以推断出下面哪个选项的结论是正确的，题干没有任何语言信号词。这种题有以下几种布局：为文章第一道题时，相当于文章主旨题，应放在最后解答；放在中间时，基本上针对中间部分；放在最后一道题时，有可能针对文章最后部分，也有可能针对整篇文章，但不大可能涉及文章其他部分的细节。所以文章结论题应该具体情况具体分析，并不一定是面对整个文章。

④ 作者态度题。作者态度题分为两种：A、局部作者态度题；B、整体作者态度题。文章最后一道题问及作者态度时为整体作者态度题，它涉及通篇文章，要根据整个文章数个语言点串起来的一根主线答题，也就是作者行文的口气。考生千万不可以根据某一个语言点答题，因为整体作者态度题不是考核某一个点，而是考整体感觉。局部作者态度题位置比较灵活，往往问及作者对文章中某一个具体内容的看法，题干通常有信号词将考生带回文章某一区域，考查考生对某个语言点的理解。有时候，某个选项从读者的角度来看是正确的，但是却与作者的表达向悖，因此，做作者态度题时，考生一定注意不要把自己作为读者的分析、观点强加于作者。

⑤ 文章结构题。文章结构题有三种：A、文章前面的段落内容是什么？B、文章下面接着将要讲什么？C、文章的组织结构是什么？推断文章前面的内容立足于文章首句，因为文章首句承上启下，尤其注意首句中诸如this, so, other than之类的结构词。预测下文的内容则分两步走：第一、读文章末句，文章末句承上启下；第二、读文章每段首句表示文章内容的逻辑走向。如果文章讲述某一事物的两个阶段或方面，下文将介绍这一事物的第三个阶段或方面。我们把预测下文内容的题称之为坐标题，即竖看文章每段首句，横看文章最后一句，其他句子是文章所讲内容，而不是下面将要讲的内容，往往选项干扰来自于文章所讲内容。至于文章的组织结构题，只需要读文章每段首句即可，因为这些句子是文章的框架。

以上五种题基本上都涉及整个文章，如果考生对这些题的规律及对策没有较清楚的认识，就会在做这些题时耗费大量的时间，甚至影响做其他题的情绪。

TOEFL主要是考查非英语国家的留学生是否具备一定的英语知识和实际运用能力以适应北美高校的学业要求，所以试卷内容和文体的学术性比较突出。这就决定了考生在应TOEFL阅读理解部分时应遵循其自身的规律而采取有效的策略。上面是本人多年来教学与研究的一些体会，希望对广大考生能起到一定的指导作用。最后预祝大家考试取得优异成绩！

lolingcat · 2020年11月10日 12:37

TOEFL听力小词经典100例

听力小词经典100例（上）(佛兰克语言教室作者：Frank Tang 416-838-6696 or 416-332-8961)

托福听力中，小词或习语是必考的，且又是考生最不容易掌握的。现从托福听力原文中精选100例，方便

考生复习掌握习语或小词。

1，a change of pace 节奏变换

You can’t do these chemistry experiments all day long. You certainly need a change of pace.

2, a far cry from 相距甚远

The published book is far cry from the early manuscript.

3, and how 的确

A: She’s a good dancer.

B: and how.

4, a matter of time 时间问题

It is only a matter of time.

5, a phone call away 一个电话之远，愿意过来帮忙。

If you need my help, do let me know. Just remember I am a phone call away.

6, a while back 不久以前

7，all along 一直

I knew it all along.

8, anything but 绝对不

I was anything but happy about going.

9, account for 解释

How do you account for it?

10, after all 到底

A: I’ve just seen the X-rays and your teeth look just fine,

B: I see. Then there is nothing to worry about after all.

11, allergic to 对|……过敏

Oh man! Something in this room is making my eyes itch. I must be allergic to something.

12, at sb’s service 愿为某人服务

I am at your service at any time.

13, around the clock 24小时不停

Martha studied around the clock for management exam.

14, as far as I know 就我所知

15，at home with 对……很熟悉

She is at home with problems like this.

u

16, back out

1) 退出

A: Wasn’t Bert supposed to sing tonight?

B: Yes, but he backed out at last minute

2）不履行

She finally backed out of her promise.

17, be cut out for 天生适合

I’m not cut out to be a hero.

18, be absorbed in

She has been absorbed in a horror fiction. I can’t tear her away.

19, be addicted to 对……上瘾

She has been addicted to drugs for years.

20，be attached to 对……有感情

A: I’m amazed that you are still driving that old car of yours. I thought you would have

gotten rid of it years ago.

B: It runs well and I’ve actually been quite attached to it.

21, back up

1) 累积

The subway is running behind schedule, and traffic is backed up for blocks. I don’t know if

we’ll make the 6:30 show.

2) 支持

I’ll back it up.

22, be bound for 到……地方

The bus is bound for New England.

23, be (feel) myself 找到自我

I’m feeling myself again.

24, be burned up 生气

She was really burned up at the news.

25, be hard up for

I’m hard up for clothes, but I have a lot of books.

26, be head and shoulders above 好许多

In calculus, Joe is head and shoulders above his classmates.

27，be in the dark 蒙在鼓里

A: Do you have any idea what his notice is about?

B: I’m as in the dark as you are.

28，be stuck 卡住了

I can’t get this window open. It’s stuck.

29, bite off more than one can chew. 贪多嚼不烂

A: I hear you’re taking an advanced physics course this semester.

B: I think I’ve bitten off more than I can chew.

30, break new ground 有了新的突破

His architectural design broke new ground in the field.

托福经典小词100例（中）佛兰克语言教室作者：Frank Tang 416-838-6696 or 416-332-8961

31，benefit concert 慈善音乐会

We need to let everyone know about the benefit concert, but we don’t have much money for

advertising.

32, busy signal 占线

I’ve been calling David for the past half hour, but I keep getting a busy signal.

33,between you and me 你我之间，保密

34，call for

A,打电话找

Tom just called for you.

B,预报

The forecast calls for heavy rain again tonight. Aren’t you glad we’ll be getting away

from this for a week?

C,问

It’s probably in the new part of town. We’ll have to call for directions.

35, call it a day 就此结束

A: I’m really glad our club decides to raise money for the children’s hospital, and most

of the people we’ve phoned seemed happy to contribute.

B: Yeah, I agree. Now we’ve gone through all the numbers on our list now, so I guess we can

call it a day.

36,cash the check 兑现支票

Have your sister cashed her paycheck?

37,clear off 收拾，整理

It’s about time we clear off the desk.

38,come down (雨，雪)下起来

The heavy rain is coming down, now.

39, come in first in the race 比赛第一名

Not only did Jill come in first in the race but she also had her best running time of the

season.

40,come what may 不管怎样

We’ll pick you up tomorrow at eight, come what may.

41,cost somebody an arm and a leg

A: Did you see the diamond ring Bill gave to Linda?

B: I sure did. It must have cost him an arm and a leg.

42, cut it out 闭嘴

I told you to cut it out.

43,be cut out for 生来时做……的

Dr. Hamilton doesn’t feel Larry is cut out for the medical profession.

44,department chair 系主任

I didn’t write that memo to the department chair.

45,dirt cheap 非常便宜

A: You’ve already furnished your apartment?

B: I’ve found some used furniture that was dirt cheap.

46, do with 用……凑合; do without 没有……也行

You can do with your girlfriend.

You can do without your girlfriend

47, dog tired 特别累，同义：run down; worn out; out of steam

I’m dog tired these days. I’m working on seven articles.

48, down jacket 羽绒服

49，drive somebody up the wall 让某人发疯；同义：drive somebody out of one’s mind

The sound of all that raffic is driving me out of my mind.

50, fall back on 依赖

A: Were you able to understand that French novel without any help from the teacher?

B: I did pretty well, but I had to fall back on my dictionary occasionally.

51, fill a prescription 按处方抓药

Would you please fill this prescription for me?

52, fill in for 代替；同义：fill one’s place(position, shoes); take the place of; take

over

Say, Dave, can you fill in for me tonight at the restaurant? I’d like to go out of town.

53,food for thought 令人思考的东西；同义：thought-provoking

There is a lot food for thought in what he had to say.

54,for nothing 免费

To pay to see that movie would be foolish, when you can see it on TV for nothing.

55,from top to bottom 从上到下

A: Maybe you lost your wallet in this room.

B: I’ve searched it from top to bottom…

56, get of on the wrong foot 开始事情就做错了

I got off on the wrong foot, and I don’t have any idea which way to turn now.

57,get a lot out of something 从……学到很多

The training program was difficult, but she got a lot out of it.

58, get at 想说

Do you understand what I’m getting at?

59, get away with 对……摆脱惩罚

A: Did you know that Bob is leaving for home tonight? He isn’t planning to take his final

exams.

B: He can’t get away with that

60,get going 赶紧行动；同义：get moving

A: It looks like we won’t have enough time to do all we wanted to.

B: Who says we won’t? let’s get going.

托福经典小词100例（下）

61, get on one’s nerve 招惹某人神经了

A: Why did you come to the meeting late? I left a message with your roommate about the time

change.

B: She has a very short memory and it really gets on my nerve sometimes.

62, get started on 开始做

We should get started on the project.

63, get time off from work 从工作中抽时间

Oh, so she was able to get time off from the work.

64,give credibility to 相信

A: did you hear about Jim?

B: I wouldn’t give that rumor any credibility.

65,go easy on 温和对待

Well, since it’s your first and only ticket, the judge will probably go easy on you.

66,go in one ear and out the other 一耳朵进，一耳朵出

Well, you know Mike, everything’s in one ear and out the other.

67,go jogging 去跑步

Are you ready to go jogging?

68,go to one’s head 某人自负

A: Have you noticed how John’s changed since he became student government president?

B: I think the whole thing has gone to his head, and he used to be so sociable and open.

69,got the time 几点了

A: Got the time?

B: It’s a little after ten.

70, graduation announcements 毕业典礼请柬

Have you ordered your graduation announcements?

71,graon about 抱怨

How come Michael’s always groaning about something?

72,guest lecturer 客座教授

The only person who understood the guest lecturer was the professor.

73,hand-me-down 送的东西

A: What a gorgeous jacket. It must have cost a fortune.

B: Not at all. It’s a hand-me-down.

74,hand down 易如反掌

Lee won the chess match hands down.

75,have a way with 擅长

Bonnie really has a way with words.

76,have had it with 处于

I’ve had it with being sick in bed. I’ve read most of these magazines twice.

77, head and shoulders above 高出许多

In computer programming, Susan is head and shoulders above the rest of us.

78, hit the spots 特别好

This lemonade sure hits the spots.

79, hold the grudge 记仇

A: I wish I hadn’t hurt Mary’s feelings like that. You know I never meant to.

B: The great thing about Mary is that she doesn’t hold the grudge.

80, I have no idea which way to turn 我不知道该怎么办

81, I have seen worse 我见过更糟的

82, in advance 提前；同义：before hand, ahead of time

It’s a really nice apartment. But the owners want two-month rent in advance and I just don

’t have it.

83, in case 万一

Let’s take our suits along in case the sun comes out.

84, in next to no time 马上

A: Are you going to be using the copying machine long?

B: I’ll be through in next to no time.

85, in the red 赤字反义：in the black

86,in the works 正在准备阶段

An advanced course in theoretical chemistry is the works.

87, keep to oneself

I’m amazed that you still haven’t gotten to know your neighbors.

88, kill time 浪费时间

Gosh, what can we do to kill the next 10 hours?

89, leave…up to somebody

We’ll have to leave the decision up to him.

90, letter of recommendation 推荐信；letter of reference 推荐信

91, look on the bright sides of things 看事物的光明面

92, no kidding 不是开玩笑吧

93, on the tip of one’s tongue 就在舌尖

A: Are you sure you can’t remember the name of that record?

B: It’s just on the tip of my tongue!

94, quitting time 下课时间

I’m glad it’s almost quitting time.

95, take it over 重修

Don failed physics and had to take it over.

96, than necessary 比应该的要冷

The lab was cooler than necessary.

97, That’s easer said than done. 说来容易做来难

98, There is nothing to it. 没什么，很容易

I can run this projector. There’s really nothing to it.

99, with flying colors 成功

A: How did Ellen do on her American History exam?

B: She passed with flying colors.

100, You can bet your life 当然

A: Will Prof. Smith come to class on time?

B: You can bet your life.

lolingcat · 2020年11月10日 12:37

2.1-2.14机考之作文题！

2.1 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People are never satisfied with what they have: they always want something more or something different. Use specific reasons to support your answer.

2.4

作文是：老师是否按学生成绩发工资。

作文是:人们是否该读真人真事.

2.6

写作: 给两星期你会去那个国家旅游。

2.6作文

成功是努力的结果，与运气无关。同意否？

2.8

If you have enough money to buy either a house or a business. What would you choose?

作文题目:你同意不同意儿童时代是人生中最重要的阶段

2.12

Is the ability to read and write more important today than in the past? Why or why not.

2.12

agree or disagree that children should do household tasks as soon as they can do

Topic: A friend of yours has received some money and plans to use all of it either to go on vacation or to buy a car. Your friend has asked you for advice. Which one you think your friend should choose?

Topic: what kinds of gift is good to help a child develop?

2.14

Parents are the best teachers of children.

作文:

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more

important for students to study history and literature than it is for

them to study science and mathematics. Use specific reasons and

examples to support your opinion.

Topic:which plant is the most important in your country.

lolingcat · 2020年11月10日 12:37

托福千条必备习语(1-100)

1. a beach person

M: Jennifer is going to the shore again this weekend.

W: Well, she’s always been a beach person.

a person who likes to go to the beach

2. a bunch of

A bunch of us are getting together to go to the basketball game on Saturday afternoon.

a group of

3. abound in

New Jercy abounds in colonial architecture, battlefields of the revolution, and other historical sites important in the early history.

be rich in

4. adhere to

We will adhere to our plan.

carry out a plan or an operation without deviation:

5. a host of

A host of terms came into use.

a group of

6. a household word

Pearl S. Buck was almost a household word throughout much of her lifetime.

A widely known saying, name, person, or thing

7. a large amount of jjj

a large quantity of

Using many symbols makes it possible to put a large amount of information on a single map.

8. a needle in a haystack

something impossible to do（大海捞针）

W: We are supposed to meet John here at the train station.

M: That’s like looking for a needle in a haystack（干草堆）.

9. a nest egg

A sum of money put by as a reserve

Today the simple piggy bank is seen everywhere as the symbol of saving and frugality, for putting away funds for a rainy day, or building a nest egg (money saved for emergencies) for life’s sudden money needs.

10. a rainy day jjj

A time of need or trouble

they put away funds for a rainy day, or building a nest egg (money saved for emergencies) for life’s sudden money needs.

11. a range of 广泛的

She created a range of广泛的 sculptures in different styles in the 1940’s.

12. a rare treat

M: This casserole砂锅菜 really tastes good. I guess that’s because the vegetables in it are fresh instead of canned.

M: I know. Kind of a rare treat in this cafeteria.

13. a rule of thumb

A useful principle having wide application but not intended to be strictly accurate or reliable in every situation.

This basic chemical knowledge, which was applied in most cases as a rule of thumb, was nevertheless dependent on previous experiment.

14. a scorcher

a hot day

Hew! It’s a real scorcher today.

15. a selection of

The jewelry store doesn’t have a good selection of watches.

16. a series of

Reversals of the field give rise to a series of magnetic stripes条纹地带 running parallel to the axis轴 of the rift裂口.

A number of objects or events arranged or coming one after the other in succession.

17. a suite of

Their fossilization required a suite (套) of factors.

18. a torrent of

大量的

They brought a torrent of criticism on the experimenter.

19. a trace of

一丝

Scientists believe that when the oceans were young they contained only a trace of salt and their level of salinity含盐量has been growing gradually.

20. a variety of

各种各样的

We organize tours to a variety of places nearly every weekend.

21. a wealth of

大量

Modern dance gave up a wealth of exotic华丽动人的 color.

22. a while back

不久前

He hurt his knee pretty badly a while back.

23. account for

explain

This then accounts for why there is little iron but lots of other minerals on the moon.

24. account for

constitute

This tough, armored shell accounts for about sixteen percent of its body weight

25. act as

担当

Often very annoying weeds, goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants and act as hosts to many insect pests.

26. adapt to

One of the keys to the survival of any animal is its ability to adapt to changes in the environment.

27. add to

His untimely death in 1955 only added to his legendary stature.

28. add up

合计

The three angles of any triangle always add up to 180 degrees.

29. in addition to

In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field, the researcher is faced with the problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation.

30. address to

写给

Why is it that whenever I opened my mailbox lately, I pulled out letters addressed to you?

31. adjust to

Industries had to adjust to peacetime conditions: factories had to be retooled for civilian needs.

32. affiliate with

加入

The share比例 of voters regarding themselves as political independents, that is, people not affiliated with either of the major parties, rose.

33. against one’s will

Poverty forced others to leave their native lands for the New World against their will.

34. aim at

瞄准, 针对

Applied research aims at some specific objective, such as the development of a new produce, process, or material.

35. aim for

determine a course for

That is what I aim for in my dances

36. all at once

突然,一下子

Can you manage that many labs all at once?

37. all but

almost.

The slow-breeding mammals of the sea have been all but wiped out消灭 by humans.

38. all over

The basic design is two triangles. In fact there are triangles all over.

39. allocated for

a lot of money was allocated (划拨) for a soils study.

40. amount to

The purchases amounted to 50 dollars.

In 1987 the sales of ice cream in the United States amounted to fifteen quarts per year for every persons in the country.

add up in quantity

41. an array of

An impressively large number, as of persons or objects

The ecosystems生态系统of the Earth provide a vast array of free public services that are essential for the support of civilizations.

42. And how

当然罗!

W: The concert pianist was fantastic.

M: And how!

43. appeal to

受…欢迎

Nylon brushes appeal to many people because they are inexpensive and they produce an acceptable effect on paper.

44. apply for

请求, 申请

The man will have to apply for his birth certificate in writing.

45. apply sth to somewhere

He could apply the techniques to应用于 principles of composition, color and design.

46. apply to

use for

47. around the corner

The theater’s just around the corner.

48. as a rule

In general; for the most part

I didn’t care much for喜欢 horror movies as a rule.

49. as good as

M: Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to the post office?

W: Your guess is as good as mine. I’m new around here.

50. as long as

Some friends of my parents’ live out there. And they invited me for as long as I wanted to stay.

51. as luck would have it

不巧

As luck would have it there was no one home so I had to wait another 45 minutes for the next bus.

52. as sth go

就…而言

Often called the wanderer流浪者, it is tough and powerful as butterflies go and is capable of long flights at speeds of 20 miles per hour or more.

53. aside from

除…以外

Aside from this course, I’m taking modern Asian politics and advanced Japanese.

54. ask for

ask for a loan

borrow money from

55. assume sth to be true

56. at an angle / remain rigid and still

有一定角度 /僵硬不动

The worm stretches its body away from the branch at an angle and remains rigid and still, until the danger has passed.

57. at hand

near in place or time

58. at home

感到自在

I certainly hope that most of you will soon feel right at home with our group.

59. at intervals

断断续续

Homer worked on画 Breezing Up 微风习习 at intervals over a period of three years.

60. at one’s pleasure

These advisers serve at the President’s pleasure and can be fired at any time.

61. at sb’s service

willing to help sb

W: Phil, could you give me a hand with this file cabinet帮我搬文件柜? It belongs against the wall应该靠墙放next to the bulletin board.

M: At your service.

62. at the crack of dawn

I’m getting up at the crack of dawn (破晓).

63. at the dedication of

Abraham Lincoln delivered his most famous address at the dedication of the soldiers cemetery in Gettysburg.

64. at the mercy of

Without any protection against; helpless before

They are drifting in an open boat, at the mercy of the elements.

65. at the spanking rate

急速

As the Sun grows older, and uses up its hydrogen fuel氢燃料-which it is now doing at the spanking rate of half a billion tons a second-it will become steadily colder and redder.

66. at the suggestion of sb

在…建议下

It was at the suggestion of her acting coach表演教练 that the youngster, who was, by her own admission, clumsy笨拙, shapeless无体形, and on the heavy side, enrolled被收入 in a dancing class.

67. at the tip of

at the pointed end of

68. at the top of

We’re almost at the top of the hill.

69. at times

The planning function may at times be less comprehensive.

70. at will

任意

On the contrary, individuals move about at will, alone or in small groups best described as bands伙, which sometimes form into large aggregations (groups).

71. attach to

tie, connect; fasten

The virus replicates by attaching to a cell and injecting its nucleic acid.

We have to cover ourselves up so that baby cranes will not become attached to us.

72. attribute sth to sb

consider as resulting from, proper to, or belonging to a person or thing

Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity.

73. back and forth

Mostly I’ll just be using the bike to get me back and forth from work.

74. back up

To cause to accumulate or undergo accumulation 使聚集引起堆积或经过积累

The accident backed the traffic up for blocks. Traffic backed up in the tunnel.

事故引起了交通阻塞。在地下道中引起了交通阻塞.

75. be … short

W: I found the perfect book bag, but I am about 20 dollars short (缺20元).

76. be absolved in sth

沉浸

I spent the whole weekend totally absolved in this biography.

77. be accessible to sb

Easily approached or entered

The national park is accessible to everyone.

78. be accountable to sb

负责

Powerful railroad barons (大王) made fortunes without having to be accountable to the public or considerate (关心) of customers.

79. be accustomed to

To familiarize, as by constant practice, use, or habit

I have accustomed myself to working long hours.

80. be adapted to

Bloodhounds are biologically adapted to trailing their prey.

81. be adept at

be good at

Crows are adept at avoiding researchers.

82. be allergic to sth

Having a dislike; averse

Dan is allergic to cats.

83. be around

在附近

M: Is Sally still around? I was going to ask her if she wanted to walk to class with me.

84. be associated with

与相联系

The process is associated with the formation and melting融化 of sea ice.

85. be at risk

Pains are sure sign that your hearing is at risk.

86. be available to

使可得到

Their reports of the climate, the animals and birds, the trees and plants, and the Indians of the West were made available to scientists.

87. be aware

意识到

I’m sure you are aware that one-third of your final grade is based on your lab work.

88. be bare of

Written to be performed on a stage bare of scenery, Thornton Wilder’s play Our Town depicts life in a small New England community.

89. be beat

be very tired精疲力尽

M: It’s almost midnight. Why don’t we leave those dishes until tomorrow?

W: Good idea! I’m beat.

90. be behind in sth

延迟, 落后

M: Hey, Larry. Wanna (= Want to ) meet a few of us for coffee in a little while?

W: Hmm, I would if I weren’t so far behind in this reading I’m doing for history.

91. be behind time

落后

M: Boy, how quickly technology changes! So many people have a computer in their home nowadays.

W: I know. I feel so behind the time.

92. be beset with

To trouble persistently; harass

By 1970, the rail industry was beset with problems.

93. be better off doing sth

境况好

Wouldn’t she be better off getting a good night’s sleep so she’ll feel fresh in the morning?

94. be bound to do sth

be certain to do sth

It’s bound to rain soon.

Without a plentiful and convenient supply of some suitable writing medium, development of the arithmetic process was bound to be hampered.

95. be brought up

Mercy Warren was brought up with the values of gentility在上流社会的价值观影响下长大.

96. be capable of

Snakes are capable of graceful motion throughout the entire length of their rubbery bodies.

97. be characteristic of

Geologists find it useful to identify fossils in a rock sample because certain assemblages of species are characteristic of specific geologic time periods.

98. be clogged with

be crowded with

The roads are clogged with the traffic between the suburbs and the cities every morning and evening.

99. be coming into its own

正在立国时期

At a time when Canada was coming into its own, they felt that a major factor因素 in the development of a strong and healthy nation was a vital有生气的 and relevant实质性的 art.

100. be concerned with

Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920’s, was concerned with the depicting the experience of urban Black people in the United States.

lolingcat · 2020年11月10日 12:37

托福写作题库–要考托福的进来看!

1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities.

2. Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed (damaged) by human activity. Others feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to live. What is your opinion?

3. Some people spend their entire lives in one place. Others move a number of times throughout their lives, looking for a better job, house, community, or even climate. Which do you prefer: staying in one place or moving in search of another place?

4. Is it better to enjoy your money when you earn it or is it better to save your money for some time in the future? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

5. You have received a gift of money. The money is enough to buy either a piece of jewelry you like or tickets to a concert you want to attend. Which would you buy?

6. Businesses should hire employees for their entire lives. Do you agree or disagree?

7. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Attending a live performance (for example, a play, concert, or sporting event) is more enjoyable than watching the same event on television.

8. Choose one of the following transportation vehicles and explain why you think it has changed people’s lives. (1) automobiles (2) bicycles (3) airplanes

9. Do you agree or disagree that progress is always good?

10. Learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the present. Do you agree or disagree?

11. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? With the help of technology, students nowadays can learn more information and learn it more quickly.

12. The expression “never, never give up” means to keep trying and never stop working for your goals. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?

13. Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view? Why or why not?

14. What is a very important skill a person should learn in order to be successful in the world today? Choose one skill and use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.

15. Why do you think some people are attracted to dangerous sports or other dangerous activities?

16. Some people like to travel with a companion. Other people prefer to travel alone. Which do you prefer?

17. Some people prefer to get up early in the morning and start the day’s work. Others prefer to get up later in the day and work until late at night. Which do you prefer?

18. What are the important qualities of a good son or daughter? Have these qualities changed or remained the same over time in your culture?

19. Some people prefer to work for a large company. Others prefer to work for a small company. Which would you prefer? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.

20. People work because they need money to live. What are some other reasons that people work? Discuss one or more of these reasons.

21. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Face-to-face communication is better than other types of communication, such as letters, email, or telephone calls.

22. Some people like to do only what they already do well. Other people prefer to try new things and take risks. Which do you prefer?

23. Some people believe that success in life comes from taking risks or chances. Others believe that success results from careful planning. In your opinion, what does success come from?

24. What change would make your hometown more appealing to people your age?

25. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important aspect of a job is the money a person earns.

26. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? One should never judge a person by external appearances.

27. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A person should never make an important decision alone.

28. A company is going to give some money either to support the arts or to protect the environment. Which do you think the company should choose?

29. Some movies are serious, designed to make the audience think. Other movies are designed primarily to amuse and entertain. Which type of movie do you prefer?

30. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Businesses should do anything they can to make a profit.

31. Some people are always in a hurry to go places and get things done. Other people prefer to take their time and live life at a slower pace. Which do you prefer?

32. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Games are as important for adults as they are for children.

33. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents or other adult relatives should make important decisions for their older (15 to 18 year-old) teenage children.

34. What do you want most in a friend ?someone who is intelligent, or someone who has a sense of humor, or someone who is reliable?

35. Which one of these characteristics is most important to you?

36. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Most experiences in our lives that seemed difficult at the time become valuable lessons for the future.

37. Some people prefer to work for themselves or own a business. Others prefer to work for an employer. Would you rather be self-employed, work for someone else, or own a business?

38. Should a city try to preserve its old, historic buildings or destroy them and replace them with modern buildings?

39. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Classmates are a more important influence than parents on a child’s success in school.

40. If you were an employer, which kind of worker would you prefer to hire: an inexperienced worker at a lower salary or an experienced worker at a higher salary?

41. Many teachers assign homework to students every day. Do you think that daily homework is necessary for students?

42. If you could study a subject that you have never had the opportunity to study, what would you choose?

43. Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion?

44. Which would you choose: a high-paying job with long hours that would give you little time with family and friends or a lower-paying job with shorter hours that would give you more time with family and friends?

45. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Grades (marks) encourage students to learn.

46. Some people say that computers have made life easier and more convenient. Other people say that computers have made life more complex and stressful. What is your opinion?

47. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way to travel is in a group led by a tour guide.

48. Some universities require students to take classes in many subjects. Other universities require students to specialize in one subject. Which is better?

49. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should begin learning a foreign language as soon as they start school.

50. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Boys and girls should attend separate schools.

51. Is it more important to be able to work with a group of people on a team or to work independently?

52. Your city has decided to build a statue or monument to honor a famous person in your country. Who would you choose?

53. Describe a custom from your country that you would like people from other countries to adopt. Explain your choice, using specific reasons and examples.

54. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Technology has made the world a better place to live.

55. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising can tell you a lot about a country.

56. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Modern technology is creating a single world culture.

57. Some people say that the Internet provides people with a lot of valuable information. Others think access to so much information creates problems. Which view do you agree with?

58. A foreign visitor has only one day to spend in your country. Where should this visitor go on that day? Why?

59. If you could go back to some time and place in the past, when and where would you go? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.

60. What discovery in the last 100 years has been most beneficial for people in your country? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.

61. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Telephones and email have made communication between people less personal.

62. If you could travel back in time to meet a famous person from history, what person would you like to meet?

63. If you could meet a famous entertainer or athlete, who would that be, and why?

64. If you could ask a famous person one question, what would you ask? Why?

65. Some people prefer to live in places that have the same weather or climate all year long. Others like to live in areas where the weather changes several times a year. Which do you prefer?

66. Many students have to live with roommates while going to school or university. What are some of the important qualities of a good roommate? Use specific reasons and examples to explain why these qualities are important.

67. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Dancing plays an important role in a culture.

68. People have different ways of escaping the stress and difficulties of modern life. Some read; some exercise; others work in their gardens. What do you think are the best ways of reducing stress?

69. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should be paid according to how much their students learn.

70. In your opinion, what is the most important characteristic (for example, honesty, intelligence, a sense of humor) that a person can have to be successful in life? (not limited to the examples listed in the question.)

71. People learn in different ways. Some people learn by doing things; other people learn by reading about things; others learn by listening to people talk about things. Which of these methods of learning is best for you?

72. Decisions can be made quickly, or they can be made after careful thought. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The decisions that people make quickly are always wrong.

73. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? All students should be required to study art and music in secondary school.

74. If you could invent something new, what product would you develop? Use specific details to explain why this invention is needed.

75. Plants can provide food, shelter, clothing, or medicine. What is one kind of plant that is important to you or the people in your country? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.

76. The twentieth century saw great change. In your opinion, what is one change that should be remembered about the twentieth century?

77. Is the ability to read and write more important today than in the past? Why or why not?

78. People do many different things to stay healthy. What do you do for good health?

79. You have decided to give several hours of your time each month to improve the community where you live. What is one thing you will do to improve your community? Why?

80. People recognize a difference between children and adults. What events (experiences or ceremonies) make a person an adult?

81. People listen to music for different reasons and at different times. Why is music important to many people?

82. Groups or organizations are an important part of some people’s lives. Why are groups or organizations important to people?

83. Imagine that you are preparing for a trip. You plan to be away from your home for a year. In addition to clothing and personal care items, you can take one additional thing.

84. When students move to a new school, they sometimes face problems. How can schools help these students with their problems?

85. Some students like classes where teachers lecture (do all of the talking) in class. Other students prefer classes where the students do some of the talking. Which type of class do you prefer?

86. Holidays honor people or events. If you could create a new holiday, what person or event would it honor and how would you want people to celebrate it?

87. The 21st century has begun. What changes do you think this new century will bring? Use examples and details in your answer.

88. What are some of the qualities of a good parent? Use specific details and examples to explain your answer.

89. Movies are popular all over the world. Explain why movies are so popular.

90. In your country, is there more need for land to be left in its natural condition or is there more need for land to be developed for housing and industry? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

lolingcat · 2020年11月10日 12:37

TOEFL听力技巧 TOEFL自从改为机考以后，形式上改变巨大，从原来的事先可以读题到现在的先听再做，从以前每题规定12秒到现在的可以一定程度上自己分配时间；而本质性的变化在于内容的重心有所转移，使许多考生措手不及，感觉TOEFL听力难度陡然上升。笔试中，60%的内容都是考生们觉得较容易拿分的短对话；而在机试中，80%以上的内容是考生们非常头疼的段子题。由于缺乏对与LECTURE和LONG CONVERSATION的足够重视和正确的训练方法，许多考生的TOEFL栽在听力上。

我们通常把段子分为：LECTURE(一个人的讲话)和LONG CONVERSATION(两个人甚至更多人的长对话)。我们在本篇著重讲LECTURE，下篇著重讲LONG CONVERSATION。

LECTURE题型

LECTURE一般是大学教授的一段讲课。它是TOEFL听力中最难的部分，因为它牵扯到专业知识和专业词汇，并且信息量大，重点不易突出，句型冗长复杂。按内容来分，可分为文科专业段和理科专业段；按形式分，可分为纯专业段子和复合型专业段子。

复合型段子是指生活场景加上专业内容。针对这种文章，我们可以根据文章结构和题型来入手，分成几类。

(1)Topic题型

考的几率90%以上。一般答案出现在文章的开头一两句话，以自我介绍或开门见山的形式出现。

自我介绍，如：“I am Angela Whittier, the house director here in the university.”

开门见山，如：“Today I am going to talk about/discuss…”

出现的问题一般是带有discuss、topic、mainly等字眼的，如：“What is the topic of the talk?/What does the lecture mainly discuss?”

解题技巧：听首句话的开头原词，注意留心开头一两句话的核心的名词性词组，往往出现在discuss、talk about之后。如没有开头原词，那么就听整个段子中重复率最高的词或词组，这一定是文章的中心所在。此种题难度不大，考生一定要做对。

(2)尾巴题型

考的几率不大，难度也不大。其特征是出现在文章的结尾处。有时会有尾标，如next、all in all、finally、in conclusion、in one word、eventually和at last等等。有时是结论性的内容，有时是某个细节。

解题技巧：可根据尾标来判断是结尾，然后记住最后的一两句话。

(3)细节性题型

形式多样，无固定的模式，一般出现在文章的中间部分。难度较大，数量较多。

解题技巧：凡是和中心思想一致的答案很可能是正确答案。听文章时，注意文中语气强烈之处，如重读、慢读、停顿、拉长音等。注意一些标志词，如：however、nonetheless、moreover、so remember、first和only等。

专业类段子

纯专业段子难度超过复合型段子，原因在於对内容的理解。由于其它的技巧在此用处不大，所以，熟悉专业知识和专业内规律性的东西是最有效的办法。由于篇幅所限，我们将以几种典型的文理科段子为例。

(1)艺术史

包括音乐史、舞蹈史、摄影史和绘画史等，此类文章会出现历史发展中新的、旧的碰撞。

记住常用的词汇：choreography、technique、rhythm、improvisation、artistic integrity、creative、unique、photography、sculpture、self-expression、painting、intuitive feeling、features、characteristics、rigid、flexible、classical、contemporary和theme等。

基本原则是：旧的艺术形式往往是rigid、formal、based on training、take form seriously、follow the rules；新的艺术形式往往是free、flexible、based on intuitive、improvisation、self-expression、creativity和uniqueness等。

常见的问题有：旧的disadvantages和新的advantages，新的为什么一开始遭批评，而后能become popular。

(2)殖民史

记住常用的词汇：Native American、Inuit、colony、colonial government、corn、thanksgiving、domesticate、cultivation、productive、civilization、caribou、head-hunter、spear、archaeology、anthropology、food supply和artifacts等。

基本原则是：native Americans和Inuit是如何的落后、愚昧、无知和野蛮；白人给他们带去了先进的技术和现代文明。对于殖民史，TOEFL的论调不像中国人那样深恶痛绝，而是觉得那是一场冒险的经历，绝不会出现人口灭绝的话题。

(3)海洋生物学

记住常用的词汇：marine biology、evolution、innovation、aquarium、electric fish、habitat、dwell、deep sea creature、curve、adapt oneself to、streamline、shellfish、lobster和octopus等。

固定思路是：谈及动物和人的关系时，人总是破坏自然和动物的生活规律，直接或间接地导致动物的减少。谈及动物和其环境的关系时，两者是互动的。动物的一系列特征及生活习性是为了适应其环境；而环境则塑造了动物的特性。

常见问题有：人对于动物及环境的影响，环境对动物的影响，动物对于环境的适应。

(4)新话题：能源、环保

记住常用的词汇：recycling、sorted trash、mandatory、reuse、natural environment、sustainable development、poison、contamination、nonrenewable resources、energy consumption、negative impact、conventional resources、vehicle和automobile等。

基本内容有：循环利用、环保对经济的影响、污染的危害、能源短缺、节约能源及开发新能源等

TOEFL听力中的另一个重点是long conversation。与lecture相比，long conversation更口语化，与校园生活联系更加紧密，涉及到的专业知识较少，即使涉及到专业知识，考的内容也比较简单。根据场景的不同，本文把它们分成两大类：学习类与学习以外类。下面着重讲一下每一大类中几个典型小类的特点及解题技巧。

学习类

学习类是长对话的重点。它们粗略可分为事项性介绍、选课类、补课类和论文场景类等内容。

◆事项性介绍

特点：难度小，常考调课事宜及考试安排等。

常出现的题目和固定性答案

Q：Who is the speaker?

A：teacher/ professor/ instructor/ advisor

Q：When does the talk take place?

A：at the beginning/ in the middle/ at the end of the semester

Q：Where does the talk take place?

A：classroom/ lecture hall

Q：What is the topic?

A：changes in the schedule/ the schedule of this semester/ exam schedule/ information about one course

注意记忆以下词汇

midterm、finals、count for 50% of your score、class discussion、seminar、workshop、take attendance、elementary、intermediate、advanced等。

◆选课类

特点：师生之间或学生之间谈论选课的话题。

涉及的内容：学生是否有资格选某一门课，对于老师的谈论，课程的难易程度，选某一门课的好处和坏处。

固定思路：学生觉得课程太难，负荷太重。

常用词：required/compulsory、elective/selective/optional、course description、catalog、bulletin、prerequisite、preliminary course、such a heavy load、excellent reputation、drop a course等。

◆补课类

特点：通常是某学生因为某些原因迟到或旷课了，事后找另一个同学补课，所以必会牵扯到专业内容。

固定思路：迟到或旷课的学生一定是男生，帮他补课的一定是女生。男生在补课过程中常会问一些蠢问题，而女生将一一澄清。结尾处，男生会感叹不上这堂课真可惜。

常问问题及解答

Q：Why was the man late for class?/ Why did the man ask the woman about the lecture?

A：He overslept/ was sick/ had some trouble with his car/ had to go to see the doctor/dentist/ had an emergency.

Q：What confused the man?

A：专业性内容

Q：What does the man promise to do at last?

A: He won’t be late again/ oversleep again.

常用词、词组或语句：fill sb. in、You lost me there、make sense、miss a pretty important class、clarify the misunderstanding、check the notes、This certainly teaches me not to oversleep again。

◆论文场景

固定思路：论文的题目难定，资料太难查(题目太偏，查不到资料；题目太大，要查的资料太多，太杂)。

常用单词或词组：explore the topic、published resources、bibliography/reference、intellectual dishonesty、plagiarism、get an early start和gather materials等。

学习以外类

可以细分为体育场景、娱乐场景、打工场景和租房场景等。

◆体育场景

特点：较少考很传统的运动，较多考现在北美热门的运动，如cycling、rock climbing和skiing。

固定思路：目的不在于比赛，而是好玩、健身、交友。一些运动，如cycling，是以team、club 或association的形式存在的。

[U]常用单词或词组[U]：ski、boots、pole、outdoors、get in great shape、ensure the safety、first aid、check the trails、physical education、belts、patience、mental discipline、expert riders、starting line、stamina和relay station等。

◆娱乐场景

特点：包括郊游，参加运动，听音乐会，及谈论玩的计划等。

固定思路：一般说到玩，常见的项目有go on a picnic、hiking trip、camping trip、go to a concert、see a movie、play the ball、ski和traveling等。

常用单词、词组或语句：I am counting the days、Take a break、relax、reserve a court、a night-out、take your mind off your test和fair weather等。

◆打工场景

常考的内容：对于某种工作的态度和评价，应聘该工作的条件，打工的手续，工作的待遇和工作环境及时间等。

在校学生打工的工种：teaching assistant、research assistant、lab assistant、administrative assistant、waiter、waitress、nanny/babysitter、dishwashing和oods delivery等。

常用单词或词组：formalities、application procedure、reference、salary、wage、demand physical endurance、pre-career training、permanent employment、stipend、bonus和part-time job等。

◆租房场景

常考的内容：和室友及房东之间的相处；房子的条件较差，经常出毛病；找房子，租房子的过程。

要记住的词组及句型：roommate、dormitory、deposit、live on/off campus、utilities、heating costs、temporary accommodation、landlord、apartment、sublet、dishwasher、vacuum cleaner、messy、a leaky faucet、This place is a dump/mess、tenant、afford和spacious等。

TOEFL听力考试的原则

最后，给大家介绍几个在做题中总结出来的原则，对于听力水平不够的考生，在考试临场时很有帮助。

◆割肉原则

机试中的15分钟(只包括做题的时间)可由考生自由支配。与笔试比较，确实增加了自由度，但有些考生反尔放松了对时间的警惕。考试中一定要对全局有把握，不要在某一题上纠缠不清，延误时间。因此，特别是对于又偏又难的题目，该割肉的地方一定要割。

◆重复原则

大家留心一下可以发现，文中重要的内容、容易考到的内容，一般都会有重复现象；所以，考生总是听到的词也正是文章著力强调的词。

◆强调原则

除了重复一种强调方式以外，还有其它多种强调方式在原文中有所体现。

语音强调：答案所在处往往是speaker重读、慢读、停顿，或拉长音的地方。

标志词：一些含有转折、递进、总结和比较等意味的词标志着附近有重要内容出现，如however、nonetheless、furthermore、moreover、therefore、in conclusion、best、better、only、first、so remember…，以及most notably等。

◆顺序原则

出题的顺序和答案在原文中出现的顺序保持一致。此原则可帮助考生凭借答案在文中的位置来解题。

◆一义一用原则

一个知识点在题目中只会出现一次。此原则可帮助考生排除非正确选项。如在一题中某个选项是上题的正确答案，那么，此选项是本题正确选项的可能性就很小。

最后，希望大家记住一点，以上所有技巧和原则都不是100%正确。它们都是在考生不能完全凭自己的水平选出正确答案的情况下所使用的；所以，通过TOEFL听力考试的根本办法是多练多听，努力提高自己的听力水平。

lolingcat · 2020年11月10日 12:37

TOEFL高频率介词搭配

一、ABOUT

1.动词+about+sth.。about在此表示“论及，谈起，涉及，着手”等意思：arrange about安排，argue about辩论, ask about询问，bring about带来，chat about闲聊，care about在意，complain about报怨，go about着手，hear about听说, inquire about打听,know about了解， quarrel about争论，read about读到, see about负责处理，set about开始, speak about谈起, talk about谈论, think about考虑, trouble about担心，tell about讲述，worry about着急。现举例说明其中一些短语的用法：

She inquired about my brother. 她向我打听有关我兄弟的情况。

I must set about my packing. 我必须开始收拾行装。

What are you chatting about? 你们在聊什么呢？

2. be +形容词+about+sth.。about在此意思是“为…，对…”，接表原因的词：be anxious about为…着急, be bad about对…感到不舒服，be busy about忙于…, be careful about小心…, be certain about对…有把握, be concerned about关心…, be crazy about为…发狂，be excited about为…感到激动, be happy about为…而高兴, be mad about为…发疯，be nervous about对…感到紧张, be particular about挑剔…, be pleased about为…兴奋，be strict about对…严格，be thoughtful about对…考虑周到的，be uneasy about为…感受到不安。请看例句：

What have you been busy about today? 今天在忙些什么？

You are certainly very thoughtful about others. 你为别人想得太周到了。

I’m strict about such things. 对这些事我是很严格的。

注：come about发生，get about（疾病、谣言）流行，turn about转身，leave about到处乱放，lie about随便堆放，put about打扰;传播，put oneself about使…发愁。这些词组中about作副词，此时about不能接宾语。

二、AFTER

1.动词+ after。介词after有“追赶，问候，效仿”之意：ask after问候, be after寻求, do(sth.)after学着做，go after设法得到, inquire after问候, look after寻找, run after追求, seek after追逐, take after长得像。例如：

Every afternoon he called to ask after his girl friend. 他每天下午都打电话问候他的女朋友。

The boy takes after his father. 这男孩长得像他父亲。

The dogs went after the wounded deer. 一群狗在追赶那只受伤的鹿。

2.after构成的其它短语。after在不同的短语中意思各异： after a little/moment/while过了一会，after all毕竟,after dark天黑以后，after one’s heart合…的心, after school放学后， after service售后服务，after the fashion勉强， day after day日复一日，one after another一个接一个，year after year年复一年。例如：

Don’t be too strict with him. After all he is still a child. 不要太苛刻了，毕竟他还是个孩子。

He can speak and write English after a fashion. 他多少会说和写一点英语，但不太好。

三、AT

1.动词+ at。at表示“指向某一目标，到达某地”：arrive at抵达, call at访问某地, catch at(it)当场抓住, come at攻击, fire at向…开火, glance at瞟一眼, glare at怒目而视, grieve at忧伤，knock at敲, laugh at嘲笑, look at看一眼, pull at拉扯, rejoice at对…高兴，smile at向某人微笑, shoot at朝…射击, stare at怒目而视, thrust at刺向, tear at撕, tremble at颤抖，wonder at吃惊，work at工作。例如：

Don’t let me catch you again at it.不要再让我当场逮住你。

We must “shoot the arrow at the target”. 我们必须有的放矢。

They trembled at the sight of the peasant’s spears. 看到农民的梭标，他们阵阵发抖。

2. be +形容词/过去分词+ at。其中at表示“情绪、情感的原因，或对某物具有某种感情”：be angry at恼怒于, be alarmed at对…保持警觉, be astonished at对…吃惊, be bad at不擅长, be clever at对某事很灵巧, be delighted at高兴，be disgusted at厌恶, be disappointed at对…失望，be good at擅长, be impatient at对…不够耐心, be mad at狂热于, be pleased at对…感到高兴, be

present at出席, be satisfied at满意, be surprised at吃惊, be shocked at 对…非常震惊，be terrified at受到…的恐吓, be quick at对…很机敏。例如：

They were overjoyed at his return to work. 他们对他重返工作感到欣喜。

They are alarmed at the growth of the liberation movement in the colonies. 他们对殖民地日益壮大的解放运动警觉起来。

3.at+名词构成的词组：at a distance在一定距离，at a loss不知所措，at a time一次，at all一点也不，at any cost不惜一切代价，at best最好也只是，at first起初，at hand手头，at heart在内心里，at home在家；无拘束，at last最后，at least至少，at most最多，at once马上，at present目前，at sea不知所措，at times有时，at will任意地，at work起作用，at worst最坏。

4.其它含有at的短语：work hard at勤奋工作，drop in at顺路拜访。

四、FOR

1.动词+for

a)动词+for。for表原因、目的：account for解释；说明, answer for对…负责, apply for申请；请求, apologize for为…而道歉, beg for请求, call for要求, care for在意, enter for报名参加, fight for为…而战, hope for希望, inquire for查询；求见, leave for离开某地到另一地, look for寻找, long for盼望, mistake for误认为, plan for计划做某事, prepare for为…作准备, provide for 为…提供, reach for伸手去拿, run for竞选, stand for象征, search for搜寻, send for派人去请, speak for陈述意见、愿望, take for当作, wish for希望, wait for等待。例如：

His illness accounts for his absence. 他因病缺席。

The baby reached for the apple but couldn’t reach it. 那婴儿伸手去苹果，但够不着。

He who would search for pearls must dive below. 要想找到珍珠，必须潜到海底。

b)动词+sb.+ for +sth.。for表示原因或目的：ask for要求得到, blame for因…责备, excuse for宽恕, forgive for谅解, pardon for原谅, pay for花钱买, praise for称赞, punish for对…进行惩罚, push for催逼，reward for酬谢, thank for对…表示谢意。例如：

Please excuse me for my being late. 请原谅我的迟到。

Forgive me for my keeping you waiting. 请见谅，让你久等了。

2. be +形容词+for。for表作用、目的、对人或物有某种情绪等：be anxious for急于做, be eager for渴望, be bad for有害于, be convenient for便于, be good for利于, be famous for以…出名, be fit for适合于, be grateful for对…心存感激, be impatient for对…不耐烦, be late for迟到, be necessary for有必要, be ready for作好准备, be sorry for为…而后悔, be responsible for对…负责, be suitable for适合于, be unfit for不适合, be useful for对…有作用。例如：

He is eager for success. 他渴望成功。

The government is responsible for the nation’s welfare. 政府负责民众的福利。

3.for+名词构成的词组：for all尽管，for a song非常便宜地，for certain确切地，for company陪着，for ever永远，for example例如，for fear以免，for fair肯定地，for free免费，for fun为了好玩，for good永远，for instance比方，for luck祝福，for life终身，for long长久，for nothing白白地，for once有生第一次，for oneself替自己，for pleasure为了消遣，for reason因为…理由，for sale供出售，for shame真不害臊，for short简称，for sport好玩，for sure确切地。

4.动词+副词/名词+for构成的短语：be in for将遇到，make up for弥补，go in for 从事，l o ok out for提防，take sth. for granted把…当作理所当然, have an ear for音感好, have a gift for有某方面的天赋。

五、FROM

1.动词+from

a)动词+ from。from表示“来源、原因、起始”等：come from来自, date from追溯, depart from违背, die from死于, escape from逃出, fall from自…跌落, hang from垂挂, hear from收到来信, learn from向某人学习, return from自某地返回，rise from自…冒出, result from起因于, suffer from忍受。例如：

All the characters in the book are drawn from real life. 书中所有的人物都来自于真实的生活。

Any damage resulting from negligence must be paid for by the borrower. 因疏忽引起的任何损坏都应由借用者负责赔偿。

He has recovered from his surprise. 他好不容易回过神来。

b)动词+ sth./sb. +from + sth./ sb. /a place。from表示“来源、免于”等：borrow from向…借, choose from选自, excuse from免除, keep from阻止做, prevent from不准做, protect from不受…之害, receive from收到, remove from移动；除去, save from保全；拯救, separate from分离开来, stop from阻止。例如：

He was excused from attendance at the lecture. 他获准可不去听课。

Stop the child from spoiling the book. 不要让孩子弄坏了书。

2. be +形容词+ from。此时from含义众多：be absent from缺席, be different from与众不同, be far from更不用说, be hidden from躲避, be made from用…制成, be tired from因…而疲倦。例如：

The boy can’t walk and is far from running.那男孩不会走路，更不用说跑了。

3.from…to…。本短语表示从一种状态到另一状态的变化或从…到…：from bad to worse每况愈下，from beginning to end自始至终，from cover to cover从头到尾，from China to Peru到处，from day to day一天一天地，from door to door挨家挨户，from end to end从头至尾，from first to last自始至终，from hand to mouth勉强糊口，from head to foot从头到脚，from mouth to mouth广泛流传，from sun to sun从日出到日落，from start to finish从头开始，from top to toe从头到脚，from time to time不时地，from top to bottom彻底地。

六、IN

1.动词+in

a)动词+ in。in在短语中的含义异常丰富：believe in信任, break in碎成，bring in引起；产生；带来, call in下令收回, fill in填充,get in收获, hand in上缴, involve in涉及, lie in在于, result in导致, share in共享, succeed in成功, take in卷起；订阅, turn in归还当局。例如：

He was so short of money that he had to call in the loans that he had made. 他很缺乏资金，不得不收回所有的款子。

Your failure lies in your laziness. 你失败的原因在于懒惰。

Orders are given to take in sail.已发布收帆的命令。

b)动词+sb./time/money+ in。介词in后接（doing）sth.：help sb. in帮助某人做某事, spare time/money in匀出时间或钱做某事, spend time/money in花时间或钱做某事, waste time/money in浪费时间或钱做某事。例如：

She offered to help him in the housekeeping when I am not here. 她提出，我不在家时她可以帮助他料理家务。

2. be +形容词+ in。in表示“在某些方面或穿着”：be active in活跃于, be absorbed in专心致志, be busy in忙碌, be born in出生于, be concerned in牵涉, be clothed in穿着, be disappointed in对…失望, be diligent in勤于, be experienced in在…有经验, be employed in任职于, be engaged in忙碌, be expert in某方面的专家, be excellent in在…优秀, be interested in对…有兴趣, be lacking in缺乏, be rich in富有, be slow in迟缓, be successful in在某方面成功, be skilled in精于, be strict in严于, be weak in弱于。例如：

She was completely absorbed in her own affairs. 她完全专注于自己的事务。

More than one person has been concerned in this. 不只一人牵涉到这件事。

3. in +名词。 in表示“处于某种状态或在某些方面”等意思：in advance提前,in all总共，in balance总而言之，in bed卧床，in body亲自，in brief简明扼要，in case万一, in charge主管，in danger有危险, in debt负债, in despair失望,in force大量地；有效，in full全部地, in flower开花,in general一般说来, in itself本身, in love恋爱, in order井然有序, in person亲自, in public公开地, in progress有进展, in practice从实践上看, in rags穿着破衣, in research探索, in return作为报答,in ruins一片废墟, in short总之,in theory从理论上看, in trouble有麻烦, in tears眼泪汪汪, in time及时, in turn按顺序, in vain白白地，in view看得见。

注意下列几个词组中的in为副词：check in到达登记，cut in插嘴，count in包括, draw in时间接近, drop in顺路拜访, give in屈服, pour in源源而来。

七、OF

1.动词+of

a)动词+of。of意为“有关，由于”： beg of(sb.)请求某人,complain of抱怨，consist of由…构成, die of死于, dream of梦想, hear of听说, know of了解, speak of谈及, tell of讲到, think of想起, talk of论及。例如：

Never has one of them complained of all the trouble we give. 从来没有人抱怨我们带来这么多麻烦。

Carbon dioxide consists of carbon and oxygen. 二氧化碳由碳、氧两种元素组成。

b)动词+sb.+of+sth.。其中of有“剥夺，有关”之意：accuse of控告（谴责，非难）某人, cheat of骗走, deprive of剥夺, inform of汇报, rob of抢走, remind of提醒, warn of警告。例如：

He has cheated me of my poverty. 他骗走了我的财产。

They are deprived of their rights as citizens. 他们的公民权都被剥夺了。

c)动词+sth.+ of +sb.。介词of表动宾关系，后接动作的宾语sb.：request of请求(某人做某事),equire of要求得到。例如：

All I request of you is that you should come here early. 我唯一的请求就是希望你早点来。

You have done all the law requires of you. 你做的这一切都是法律对你的要求。

2. be +形容词+ of。of后接表对象或目标的词，这类短语有很多：be aware of觉察, be ashamed of以…为耻, be afraid of担心, be bare of没有, be careful of小心, be clear of还清债务, be certain of确信, be composed of由…构成, be envious of嫉妒, be forgetful of健忘, be fond of喜欢, be free of免于；摆脱, be full of充满, be guilty of认罪, be hopeful of抱有希望, be informed of汇报, be impatient of对…无耐心, be jealous of嫉妒, be made of用…制成, be mindful of留意, be proud of以…为骄傲, be sick of烦于, be short of缺乏, be sure of确信, be tired of困于, be worthy of值得。

3.of+名词构成的词组：of age成年, of choice精选的，of course当然, of late最近，of name有名的，of oneself自动地，of purpose有意地，of use有用，of value有价值的。

八、ON

1.动词+on

a)动词+ on。介词on表示“凭借，产生某结果，接通”等意思：act on对…有作用, bring on促使；导致, call on拜访某人, count on依赖, carry on执行, depend on取决, feed on以…为生, figure on料想；推断, go on继续, have on穿着, insist on坚持, keep on继续, lean on依赖, live on以…为生, pull on迅速穿上, put on穿上, switch on接通（电源）, take to喜欢；养成；轻易学会，turn on接通（电源）, work on操作, wait on侍候。例如：

This kind of medicine acts on the heart. 这种药对心脏有好处。

The fine weather brings on the crops nicely. 好天气促使庄稼长势良好。

We count on you to help. 我们有赖你的帮助。

b)动词+sb.(sth.)+ on +sb.(sth.)。on的意思是“以…，对…，在某方面”：base on以…为基础, congratulate on恭贺, fix on固定, have mercy on怜悯, have pity on怜惜, keep watch on监视, spend on把时间、精力花在某方面。例如：

Theory should be based on practice. 理论联系实际。

Congratulate on your success in the competition. 恭喜你竞赛获得成功。

2.be+形容词+on的词组：be dependent on依赖, be hard on对某人苛刻, be impressed on对…印象深刻, be keen on渴望, be strict on对…严格。例如：

We can’t just be dependent on our parents. 我们不能只依赖父母。

He is keen on going abroad. 他渴望出国。

3.on+名词构成的词组：on表示处于某种状态或在某个方位：on board乘（车,飞机）, on call听候召唤, on duty值班, on earth到底, on fire着火, on foot步行，on guard在岗，on hire雇用，on holiday度假，on leave休假，on one’s knees跪下, on one’s way在…的路上,on purpose故意, on sale待售，on shore在岸上, on time准时, on the move行动, on the other hand另一方面, on the spot当场, on the tip of one’s tongue快要说出口, on top of在…的顶部，on watch值班。

九、TO

1.动词+to

a)动词+ to。介词to意为“达到，指向”等：adjust to适应, attend to处理；照料, agree to赞同, amount to加起来达…，belong to属于, come to达到, drink to为…干杯，get to到达, happen to发生在某人身上, hold to紧握, lead to通向, listen to听, occur to想起, object to反对, point to指向, respond to回答, refer to参考；指的是…；涉及, reply to回答, see to负责, stick to坚持, turn to求助, write to给某人写信。例如：

She must learn to adjust herself to English life. 她必须学会适应英国的生活。

Business has to be attended to. 有事要办。

An idea occurred to me. 我想出一个办法。

b)动词(+sth.)+to+sb.。下列动词不能直接带间接宾语sb.，要接间接宾语时须在动词后加介词to：announce to通知某人, describe to向某人描述, explain to向某人解释, express to对某人表达, mention to提及, nod to向某人点头, report to报告, say to告知, shout to对某人大叫, suggest to对某人提建议, speak to与某人交谈, talk to跟某人谈话, whisper to和某人低声耳语。例如：

She suggested to me one or two suitable people for the committee. 她跟我向委员会推举了一两个合适的人选。

c)动词+sth./sb.+ to +sth./sb.。此时介词to可译成“到，于，给”等意思：add to 增加, compare to比作, carry to运送至, devote to致力于, introduce to介绍给, invite to邀请参加, join to连接到, leave to委托给, reduce to下降至, sentence to判处, take to带到。例如：

Please add a piece of candy to coffee. 请给咖啡加块糖。

Poets like to compare life to stage. 诗人喜欢把人生比作舞台。

2. be +形容词/过去分词+ to。to的意思是“对…”：be alive to觉察；晓得, be attentive to注意；留心, be awake to知晓, be blind to缺乏眼光, be close to紧挨着, be common to对某人来说很普通, be contrary to违反；反对, be devoted to致力, be deaf to不愿意听, be equal to有…的力量, be exposed to暴露；遭受, be fair to对…公平, be familiar to对某人来说熟悉, be grateful to对某人心存感激, be good to对…有好处, be harmful to对…有危害, be important to 对…重要, be kind to友好对待, be known to周知于, be married to嫁给, be moved to转移到, be near to靠近, be necessary to对…有必要, be opposite to在对面, be opposed to反对, be pleasant to合某人之意, be proper to专属, be polite to礼貌待人, be rude to粗暴对待, be relative to与…有关, be strange to不习惯, be similar to类似, be suitable to适合, be true to忠实, be thankful to感激, be useful to对…有用, be used to习惯。例如：

Are you alive to what is going on? 你注意到发生什么事了吗？

The old man was not equal to the situation. 那老人不能应付这种情况。

His house is opposite to mine. 他的房子在我的房子对面。

3.to+名词构成的词组有：to a degree在某种程度上, to date到现在为止, to one’s feet跳起来，to one’s mind照…看来, to one’s surprise使…吃惊, to one’s taste符合胃口, to oneself独自享用, to order定做, to the letter不折不扣地, to the point中肯地。

十、WITH

1.动词+ with

a)动词+ with。with接对象或目标，意思为“与…，从…”：agree with同意；适应, begin with从…开始, continue with继续, do with应付, deal with对付, fight with与…作战, fool with愚弄, hurry with忙于, mix with与…混合在一起, meet with偶遇, play with把玩, quarrel with与某人争吵, reason with与某人评理, settle with与人协商。例如：

Let’s begin our class with an English song. 我们以一首英语歌开讲。

I meant to reason with you, but you won’t reason. 我本要与你理论理论，但你不愿意。

b)动词+ sth./sb. + with + sth./sb.。介词with意为“以，用”：compare with 与…比较, combine with与…混合, equip with以…装备, feed with用…喂养, furnish with用…装饰, provide with提供, replace with以…替代, supply with供给。例如：

Education must be combined with productive labour.教育应与生产力相结合。

They replaced slave labour with machines. 他们用机器代替奴工。

2. be +形容词/过去分词+ with。介词with表示情绪的原因、凭借等意思：be angry with恼怒, be annoyed with使烦恼, be busy with忙于, be bored with使烦心, be burdened with担负, be crowded with拥挤着, be connected with与…联系, be covered with覆盖着, be concerned with关心, be content with对…满意, be disappointed with失望于, be delighted with对…感到高兴, be engaged with忙碌于, be exhausted with由于…而极度疲倦, be filled with充满, be familiar with熟悉, be friendly with对…友好, be occupied with忙碌, be overcome with极为, be popular with受…欢迎, be patient with对…有耐心, be pleased with 对…高兴, be satisfied with满意于, be strict with对…严格, be wrong with有毛病, be wild with因…而欣喜。例如：

He was much annoyed with his son’s behavior. 他对儿子的行为相当恼火。

I’m fully occupied with my daily work. 我忙碌于日常事务。

When he caught sight of her, he was overcome with despair. 看到她，他非常失望。

3.动词+副词/介词短语+with构成的词组: catch up with赶上, do away with废除,fall in love with爱上, get together with与…联欢,keep in touch with保持联系，keep up with赶上。

综上所述，常用介词搭配在英语中极其丰富，意义复杂多变。掌握这些搭配，对夯实基础、提高英语阅读水平和理解能力是大有裨益的。

作者:刘孚岩

BillyWu · 2020年11月10日 12:37

你可以啊，我晕…………

shaggy · 2020年11月10日 12:37

ow… man! cool! where you get it! thX so much!

Muneca · 2020年11月10日 12:37

于 2003-03-11 00:59, shaggy 写:

ow… man! cool! where you get it! thX so much!

Domingo antipatico

lolingcat · 2020年11月10日 12:37

现在在准备考托福的学生中流传着一种说法，今年托福考试将由现在的纸笔化考试改成计算机化考试(COMPUTER-BASEDTEST)，出于对机考的陌生，不少考生希望赶在机考推行前考完托福，今年参加托福考试人数从往年的6、7万猛增至近10万，一些人为了领一张托福考试的报名表竟然通宵排队。北京教育部国家考试中心称目前美国ETS方面并没有正式决定在中国大陆推行机考的具体时间，不过此消息给中国学子还是造成了一定的影响。

机考难道真的那么可怕？它和传统纸笔考试有什么不一样哪？北京新东方学校听力口语培训部主任，著名托福听力和电影听说教学专家邱政政解释说，机考绝对不难，人们对它的害怕源自陌生。

托福机考的五大特性

1.数据库题目以内容、难度分类(题量比笔试少了)，由考生水平作为出题依据，真实反映考生实际能力，每卷的题数和题目不同，但成绩可以对比。题目的第一题是中等难度题，如做对则下题难度上升，做错则下题难度下降，但做同样数量的题，题目越难，得分就越高(具体评判标准ETS保密)。作文是随意抽题(同GRE，GMAT)，每人题目都不同。

2.题目配合图片和声音，活化题目场景，加强考生的理解程度。

3.考生拥有个人化应考环境，每人一个小隔间／一台电脑／一副耳机，不受外在因素干扰。

4.考生用鼠标作答。

5.考试前，大约有一小时的电脑操作说明，介绍使用方法和应答方式。(依笔者之见，只要会用鼠标就可以了，根本不需要电脑专业知识)。

托福机考满分300分

当然，机考相对于笔考有着根本的不同。首先是分值的不同，机考满分不再是677，而是300分。注：起码550(笔)分、213(机)分以上，才能申请国外大学研究生院。(统计方法仍为各部分分数相加，乘以10再除以3)，两者换算方法如右。其次，各个部分题数、答题时间、分值也有变化，具体内容如下：

背景—

1963年，第一份托福试卷在美国出现。1981年托福考试被引入中国，81年之前，托福全球最高分只有562分，但来到中国后，在北京就出现了无数满分和高分。1998年7月ETS首先在美国实行机考，2000年10月，ETS宣布在亚太地区全面实行，从目前来看，中国实行托福机考乃是大势所趋。

揭开新题型的“面纱”

听力—

考试前，务必先调整音量；别放过图片中提示的信息；阅读屏幕上显示的听力问题，以前听力的问题是看不到的；尽快作答，听力各题间不再有原来12秒间隔的限制，但总时间是一定的；熟悉新题型。

●图表题―――选项可能是图片或图表，确定答案后，直接用鼠标单击画面，画面外围多一个框，则表示答案被选取。

●排序题―――一些电脑托福考题会要求你将事件排序，也就是要把四件事情依顺序发生的先后排好。

●归类题―――测试对信息的分类及判断能力，然后用连连看的方式，对相关的问题与答案完成一个事件的配对。

语法—

填空和改错题任意、交错出现，不再是过去的先填空后改错。语法题型不变。

阅读—

●指出位置题―――这类题目提出文章中的某物、某件事、某个现象，要你找到它在文中所在的句子。答题时直接用鼠标点击文章里面的那段话，则此话会被反白显示。

●插入句子题―――这类题给予一句话，你要依照逻辑将那句话插入最合理的位置。此时文中有四个地方让你选择插入，以黑色小方格标记，用鼠标点击一下最合适的小方格，那句话就会加进来。

●指代题―――这类题寻找代名词的主人，直接在文中以鼠标点击此名词。

●解释含义―――这类题要考验你的解析语句能力，你必须知道这句话的真正意义，才能回答题目。答题时直接点击椭圆形空格，空格被填黑表示答案被选取。

●同义字―――这类题指明某个单词，要你在文中找到它的同义词。答时只要直接在左侧文中，用鼠标点击此单词即可。

写作—

ETS事先确定300个题目，考试时随机抽取一个，300个题目在www.toefl.org中有，考试时用手写、键盘输入皆可。在写作时注意运用稳固的结构，简明的开头，合情合理的内容以及从容的结尾，一定要注意杜绝语法错误，因为作文总分将计入总分。

听力语法按键无悔考试成绩当场知道听力、语法部分更改答案方法和笔考时不同，笔考中可以多次更改，而机考中按了next后再按confirmanswer则答案不能再做更改，阅读仍和以前一样。考试全过程有录相存证。考前一个月确定你的考试日期，考试费用为110美元左右，考试时登记考试时间为半小时，考试全过程为4到4.5个小时，语法、阅读间可休息10分钟。机考实行后每个月可考一次，有效期仍为2年，但和笔考不同，两年内所有成绩会一起寄给你所申请学校。考试成绩你当场就可以知道，不必再等待漫长的7星期。(邱政政)

lolingcat · 2020年11月10日 12:37

合集一

---------------------------------------------

在这里汇集了以前网友们问的语法和改错题，以供大家参考

作者：金融狂

时间：2002-05-11

The (engineering) in charge of the design of the scientific tools works in

(close) partship (with) the scientist and technician.

答案是A,但我不知道该怎样改？

作者：liaowenchi

时间：2002-05-11

改为ENGINEER。低级错误。哈哈

作者：我忍

时间：2002-05-24

问道改错题，谢了

(When),in,1793 Eli Whimey invented the cotton gin,he (did) a great

contribution (to the ) economy (of the) South.

为什么选（did）？

作者：threestick

时间：2002-05-25

我想did改成made吧

作者：faceup

时间：2002-05-25

make a contribution 是固定搭配

作者：threestick

时间：2002-05-28

1., an author probably most famous for his tales of terror,

also dabbled in some science fiction.

A.To Edgar Allen Pos B.Edgar Allen Poe

C.Edgar Allen Poe was C.For Edgar Allen Poe to be

刚开始是选了B,但想想有个also,又选了C

C为什么不对？有also不是要平行么？

作者：huoyi1981

时间：2002-05-28

选项中的是一个人的名字，后面跟了一个an auther是修饰这个名字的，也就是这个句子缺主

语，所以就添上一个主语就可以了

作者：malelion

时间：2002-05-29

空格后面紧跟‘，’，然后是名词短语做其同位语，所以空格处应该只填入人名。

作者：dmhorse

时间：2002-05-27

Abraham Lincoln insisted that __ not just on mere opinion but on moral

purpose.

A. to base democracy

B. for democracy to be based

C. democracy be based

D. whenever demcocracy is based

that后面为什么不是句子

Wolrld trade patterns are indicative of the important economic issues __

confront the world today.

A. what

B. that

C. who

D. they

选who不行吗?why

By the 1950’s,Mahalia Jackson’s powerful joyous gospel musci style had

gained her.

A. and she had an international reputaion

B. with an international reputation

C. which was her international reputaion

D. an international reputation

her是代词,后面怎可以加an?

Commercial expansion from city to suburb has affected the way people in

the United States__

A. living and working

B. they live and work

C. live and work

D. to live and to work

live and work是什么成分,省略??

Of the thousands of varieties of bird species in North America,__ bright

red plumage,like the cardinal,are most often designated as state bird.

A. those that have

B. who have

C. which have

D. to have their

which have为什么不行

作者：leahwang

时间：2002-05-27

1.INSIST后面是虚拟语气，必须用SHOULD，但是SHOULD可以省略，所以就直接用了BE

作者：我忍

时间：2002-05-27

her 是间接宾语，an…是直接宾语

live and work 是从句的谓语吧

最后一题空内缺主语

作者：huoyi1981

时间：2002-05-28

最后一句是选A，前后是同位语结构，后面应该是名词结构和前面相对应

作者：我忍

时间：2002-05-28

The relationship (between) law to liberty is (even more) paradoxical (than)

that between law (and order)

(between)该改成什么？

A boy weighs _____ from the surface of the Earth

(a) less the farther it gets

(b) the farther it gets,the less

(c) less than it gets farther

(d) less than it,the farther it gets

答案是（a），那个the farther 是什么意思

这句话怎么翻译？

作者：faceup

时间：2002-05-28

应该改成from …to…

more the more 是固定结构，

以后见到就选就是了。

作者：我忍

时间：2002-05-27

The Hall of Fame was (established and founded)(with)the(help of)a gift

(from）Helen Miller Gould.

A 用被动语态不对吗？那该用什么呢？

作者：threestick

时间：2002-05-28

应该是established 和founded重复了，去其中之一

另外我觉的with好难受，为何不用by啊

作者：dmhorse

时间：2002-05-28

再有填空题请教,请回答,写一点也好

11.The first glass factory ____ the North American continent was started

in Jamestown,Virginia,in 1607.

A. established on

B. being established

C. was established on

D. that established it

选a不成了双谓语了?

13.The fact that__ was discovered in 1923 by the astronomer Edwin

Hubble.

A. the expansion of the universe

B. the universe is expanding

C. the universe,which is expanding

D. when the universe expands

理由同上,选b也是双谓语了?

11.Civil Rights are the freedoms and rights ___ as a member of a

community,state or nation.

A. may have a person

B. may have a person who

C. A person may have

D. And a person may have

May have是什么成分?前面一句子,怎宾语后有个谓语?

答案选C,是否又是什么间接宾语,直接宾语什么的?

14The lenses in an optical microscope bend the light passing through a

specimen to form an image of that specimen that is much larger___actually

viewed.

A. than it

B. than the one

C. one than

D. than one wich

A为什么不行?a和b感觉没区别

11 Mosaic is the art of closely setting small colored pieces,such as

stone or glass,into a surface___.

A. and create a decorative design

B. and a decorative design creates

C. to create a decorative design

D. that a decorative design is created

into……是介语短语,好像没答案对

9 In 1952 Ernest Hemingway published The old Man and the Sea___.

A. won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954

B. and the Nobel Prize for Literature won in 1954

C. in 1954 won the Nobel Prize for Literature for this work

D. a work that won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954

c有错吗?

15.If a diamond is heated without oxygen,it will turn to graphite,a form

of that it is used as a lubricant.

A. carbon is so soft

B. is carbon so soft

C. carbon so soft

D. so soft the carbon

为什么不选a

此题昨天有人回答,说A选后会多了个谓语,a form of carbon is 这个is是谓语,那多了的

那个谓语在哪

作者：我忍

时间：2002-05-29

established…continent是分词短语，作定语修饰主语。

that…expanding是主语同位语从句。

－－－

－－－

such as是插入语，setting…into

加一个and的话，c也行

作定语修饰carbon，不能加is，主句谓语是be used as

作者：yishengxiao

时间：2002-05-30

the second one: that 引导的是同位语从句

the third one:定语从句，that 在从句中作宾语，可省略

the forth :the one 是泛指，一般这种题都选the one,those 等（参考语法笔记）

作者：faceup

时间：2002-05-30

T14:有区别，其实可简化为to form an image that is much larger than …如果用

IT，指代的是IMAGE，但根据句意，不是IMAGE和自己比，而是IMAGE和SPECIMEN比，所以

要用THE ONE。

T15：主句的谓语是：will turn.

作者：dmhorse

时间：2002-05-28

9 In bas-relief sculpture,a design projects very slightly from its

background,some coins.

A. as on

B. because

C. the way that

D. similarly

as on是什么意思?

13.The first exploer California by land was Jedediah Strong Smith ,a

trapper who crossed the southwestern deserts of the United States in

1826.

A. that he reached

B. reached

C. to reach

D. reaching it

“A” why can’t

12.Outside the bright primary rainbow,much fainter secondary rainbow

may be visible.

A. so

B. a

C. since

D. still

a much可以在一起吗?

10.The onion is characterized by an edible bulb composed of leaves rich

in sugar and a pungent oil,the vegetable’s strong taste.

A. which the source of

B. that the source is

C. the source of

D. of the source is

豆号后跟个名词短语,什么来的,b为什么不行

15.If a diamond is heated without oxygen,it will turn to graphite,a form

of that it is used as a lubricant.

A. carbon is so soft

B. is carbon so soft

C. carbon so soft

D. so soft the carbon

为什么不选a

6___completely harmless to the environment is very difficult and usually

economically unsound

A. Cleaning products that

B. Cleaning products are

C. Cleaning products are made

D. Making a cleaning product

假如不从意思上考虑,选a对不?

XXX that do sth is ………………有这种句形不?

作者：lishuangmaggie

时间：2002-05-29

9。比如在硬币上。

13。A中that是做定语从句，这样的话它就是从句的主语，那就不要he。

12。好象不行

10。逗号后面跟名词短语是补充说明名词的（自己的理解），至于B为什么不对，讲不清

楚，定语从句，is得放在that的后面，而且好象也不能用that吧。

15。前面已经有一个谓语了，当然不能再要了。

6。A也不行，从句没有谓语。

作者：我忍

时间：2002-05-29

much adv.非常；修饰fainter

作者:gingercloud

时间：2002-05-30

9.就像在一些硬币上

13。firstXX后一般跟to do sth

12.a用来修饰rainbow,much用来修饰fainter，没有矛盾

10。the source是bulb的同位语。如果用B，是什么从句呢？

15.选a的话，没有连词在句子之间

6。不考虑意思的话，即使选A，动词也该用复数。

作者：我忍

时间：2002-05-30

13. The stronger ____ magnet,the greater the numer of lines of magnetic

(a) of (b) the (c) is the (d) is of the

为什么不选（c) ,把is 加到magnet后面行不行？

39. Lillian was an ardent (pacifist),and (participants) in peace movements

(held) her in (big) regard.

为什么（participants) 用的是一般式，不该用过去式吗？

12. The higher the standard of living and he greater the national

wealth,the _____ .

(a) greater is the amount of paper is used

(b) greater amount of paper is used

(c) amount of paper is used is greater

(d) greater the amount of paper used

为什么不选（b），加is不行吗？为什么？

38. (Greatly high) production costs,(together with) serious health and

safety (concerns),have reduced the number of nuclear power plants being

built (today)

A为什么错，该改为什么？

36. Helen Vendler’s essays (present) key (insights into) and vital

(analyses the) works of (major) British and American authors.

C为什么错了？不该用复数吗？主句的谓语是什么？

作者：faceup

时间：2002-05-31

T13:可以看作固定用法,the more the n, the more the n.也可以看作前后句的平行，后

句省略了谓语，前句也一样要省略谓语。

T39:我觉得PARTICIPANTS在这里是作名词用吧。

作者：guozai

时间：2002-05-31

T13:选B 因为后面也是the 什么什么the 什么什么结构，前后要一致。

T39:我觉得应该是big错了 participants是名词复数

T12:选D 同上 the 什么什么the 什么什么结构，他自己没加动词，你也别加动词，保持一

致。

T38:Greatly修饰high怎么读怎么觉得那么别扭。要是我，改成High就完了。

T36:前面是vital, analyses 这里是名词。后面少 of 应该是 analyses of the主句的谓

语是present

作者：dmhorese

时间：2002-05-30

12.The chief sources of B12 a water-soluble vitamin stored in the

body,include meat,milk,and eggs.

A. is not

B. that is not

C. not that is

D. that not

句中一开头,the……,a……,是什么结构?又是同位语吗?假如是,是否后面一定

跟that作连接以前相当多的同位语是名词 , 名词 , 谓语+宾语 ,但此题无逗号?是

否少印了?

1. Fingerprints form an unchangeable signature,and for

identification,despite changes in the individual’s appearance or age.

A. the use of fingerprint records

B. with the sue of fingerprint records

C. when fingerprint records are used

D. fingerprint records can be used

经常碰到选and后空格的题,我知道一定跟前面并列,但倒底如何看出,是跟那动作并

列还是跟动作后的宾语并列?

13.economic change by investigating the fluctuations in the

relationship

between workers’ wages and their buying power.

A. Economists gauging

B. Economists gauge how

C. Economists gauge

D. Whenever economists gauge

选 c的话,不是有两个谓语了?这种类形的题又碰到过,是否将change的宾语提前上来

了,然后省that?

作者：我忍

时间：2002-05-31

a…修饰B12，that…是定语从句，修饰B12的

我想是不是看题意啊，不知道

economic change 经济的变化，缺主、谓

作者：我忍

时间：2002-05-30

1。prices (reach an equilibrium)(at the level)(at which quantity

demanded)(equals and is the same as) quantity supplied

是把and改为or呢，还是把and后的去掉？

2。 South of Gallup,New Mexico,one of he legendary Seven Cities of

Cibola visited by Coronado in 1540

A where the ancient ruins of Hawikuh lie

B the ancient ruins lie of Hawikuh

C the ancient ruins of Hawikuh lie

D lie the ancient ruins of Hawikuh

这题说得什么意思，逗号前的是状语还是主语，one of…是做什么的

3。 The behacior of gases is explained by _______ the kinetic theory

A what scientists call

B what do scientists call

C scientists they call

D scientists call it

A 是作定语的吗？怎么读着觉着别扭

4。 The relationship (between) law to liberty is (even more) parasoxical

(than) that between law (and order)

不是应该The relationship between law and liberty 吗？要是把between改

为from，

那是什么意思？又或怎么改？

5. In her writing,Elinor Wylie often dealt with her own personality as it

was,rather than.

(a) as others defined it

(b) others’ definitions

要是把（b）前也加一个as，是不是也对？

6。 A body weighs _____ from the surface of the Earth

(a) less the farther it gets

(b) the farther it gets,the less

(c) less than it gets farther

(d) less than it,the farther it gets

less怎么和the farther 连一块儿用了？没有than，怎么比较，这句话怎么翻译？

7。 No rules exist for the .

(a） events of a story are presented in order

(b) order in which the events of a story are presented

主句的谓语是那个？exist for the order 是什么意思？

8。 A soluble (substance),alkali (reacts) with (acids) (to do) salts

逗号前的是什么成分？酸碱反应生成盐，（to do）不对吗？

9。 Each lichen (consists)of an alga and a fungus that (lives) together

in a (kind) of (plant) partnership.

前面都是单数，(lives) 用的不对吗？

作者：starlurker

时间：2002-06-04

有两句句子我不明白，请赐教：

1）Hardly a day goes by that I don’t think of him or speak of him.这句句

子我分不清他的成分。

2）The first such attempt, the anbitious Project Mohole, got under way

during the 1960’s and proved the value of deep-sea drilling by making

several test holes in the mantle beneath the crust before spiraling costs

led to its cancellation.

特别是and后的不明白。

作者：银河

时间：2002-06-04

1我几乎每天都会想到他，和他说话。（几乎每天都不可能不想他不和他说话）

2…and 证明了先在地壳下的地幔弄几个测试用的钻洞深海钻探的价值，这可以避

免因为钱越花越多而最终不得不取消。

<由于时间关系，我翻译的很粗糙，但意思大概是这样：先在地壳打几个洞试

试（test hole),总比不测试就打好，因为一旦打下去，钱就像流水一样花出去，但

外国人不说什么“流水”，他们说，钱的花费是螺旋式上升（spiraling)的，但都

是大把得花钱，最后反而导致了cancellation，即整个工程的作罢。>

作者：couper

时间：2002-06-07

找到led to 就好说了

作者：dmhorse

时间：2002-06-04

14.At the South Pole,the coldest and most desolate region on

earth.

A. Antarctica lies where

B. Where Antarctica lies

C. Antarctica lies and

D. Lies Antarctica

这个句子的主语是否是空格后那串东西,可以将谓语提前?

15.Beneath the streets of a modern city____of

walls,columns,cables,pipes,and

tunnels required to satisfy the needs of its inhabitants.

A. where exists the network

B. the existing network

C. the newwork’s existence

D. exists the network

此题与上题差不多,也谓语提前了?

作者：michael_future

时间：2002-06-05

都选d 倒装！

作者：flying_pipi

时间：2002-06-06

是的, 地点和次序提前,用倒装.昨天刚作的笔记,所以不介意与大家分享.

e.g.

1.Off the coast of California lie the Channel Islands.

2.First came a police car, then came an ambulance.

作者：threestick

时间：2002-06-07

主语分别是：Antarctica

the network of walls

作者：jazzguan

时间：2002-06-07

Although the many hours of summer sunshine in Canada’s Klondike region

produce good vegetable crops, the long winters rarely permit.

A grain crops ripen

B grain crops are ripe

C the ripening of grain crops

D to ripen grain crops

Also can you explain why you choose that answer?

thanks

作者：threestick

时间：2002-06-07

应该是C吧

A因为面是ripened

D,permit sb to do sth

B有are就不用看了

作者：flying_pipi

时间：2002-06-06

through a prism, a beam of white light breaks into all the colors of

the rainbow.

(A)When shines (B)It is shine (C)It shines (D)When shone

作者：jazzguan

时间：02-06-07

I think the answer is: D

because when it is shone… ,…

and the it is and be deleted.

作者：hay

时间：2002-06-07

A:shines缺主语。B，C：不对，因会出现两个主语

作者：machang

时间：2002-06-09

前面是省略形式。+被动。明了吗？不明再DISCUSS。OK！

作者：dmhorse

时间： 2002-06-11

14.At the South Pole,the coldest and most desolate region on

earth.

A. Antarctica lies where

B. Where Antarctica lies

C. Antarctica lies and

D. Lies Antarctica

这个句子的主语是否是空格后那串东西,可以将谓语提前?

15.Beneath the streets of a modern city____of

walls,columns,cables,pipes,and

tunnels required to satisfy the needs of its inhabitants.

A. where exists the network

B. the existing network

C. the newwork’s existence

D. exists the network

此题与上题差不多,也谓语提前了?

6.The fact that the Moon is changed by collisions with meteoroids, new

craters to appear.

A. cause

B. causing

C. caused

D. have cause

上面为什么不是选B,等于which causes the XXXXXX.,答案选A,不可能吧

作者：leo9

时间： 2002-06-12

1. At

On + be + subject also Tong Wei Yu is too long in this santence

2. too

3. The fact that(tong2 wei4 yu4 cong2 ju4), verb + object

作者：拉拉汤

时间：2002-06-13

最后那题的正选A是不是应该为causes啊？？

作者：mayme

时间：2002-06-14

According to some critics,the novels of William Burroughs demonstrate the

major hazard of absurd literature,____tendency toward overembellishment and

incoherence.

A) notwithstanding

B) besides

C) us a

D) is

我选B)但答案为D),还说是因为逗号前后名词并列的关系

百思不得其解！~~

作者：callasun

时间：2002-06-14

哦，这道题是选项新东方印错了

C. is a

D. its

作者：swimaway

时间：2002-06-16

Physical fitness (activities) can lead to an alarming variety of (injuries)

if participants push (themselves) (greatly) hard.

怎么改？为什么？

作者：我忍

时间：2002-06-16

greatly------>very

作者：flying_pipi

时间：2002-06-17

Lucid dreaming, the (ability dreamers) to become (aware of and) to control

their dreams (while dreaming),is the focus of (some) current psychological

research.

作者：guozu9119

时间：2002-06-17

ability dreamer应该倒过来！

作者：我忍

时间：2002-06-17

i think it should be

the ability of dreamers

do u think so?

作者：flying_pipi

时间：2002-06-19

1. Socialization,(which begins) in (child), is a process by which people

becom members of a society, learing (its) norms, customs, laws, and (ways)

of living.

2.The various (peoples) who (developed) North America (have made it) a

world (leader economic).

3.The Mississippi riverboat, which (evolved) from simpler (steamship) of

the early 1800’s, became the (dominant) form of (passenger transport) on

the Mississippi River.

4.The (layers of) an elephant’s tusk are deposited (from) the pulp, (yet)

that the innermost layer is the (newest).

作者：goldx

时间：2002-06-19

1.child 为可数名词单数需加限定词

2.people单复同形

3.evolved 后有介词,应为被动语态

4.可能yet不对

谨作参考

作者：huoyi1981

时间：2002-06-19

第三题，我觉得是C错了，其他的同样。

请高人指教

lolingcat · 2020年11月10日 12:37

3月3日

1、美国Blues between 1924-1940 发展的比较难，主要是很绕。

2、讲cognitive development theory (cognize)

重点集中于Paugin（老外的名字不好记，不是着么拼的，但形似）关于它的研究。讲paperback的3次"paperback revolution" 第一次在1830-1845间，第二次during 了civil war 第三次没怎么提，只说现在的paperback的便宜价格是第三次的结果。很简单。

3、关于南极的冰随着季节不同变化的;

4、关于美国手艺术的发展,在17,18世纪

3月5日

1、美国各个地区保护树木的进程。

先讲一个城市在挖路基的时候发现地下全是大树的树根，才知道这座城市是建立在砍伐树木的基础上的，人们都很惊讶(这儿有题)一个什么总统于是立法，要求在砍树的时候，一定要同时种树，避免树木资源的贫乏。但是南部对树木的保护就比较落后一点，谁谁出现了，好象是一个伐木公司的老总，提出要求保护树木的资源，等等。这儿有个题目有点奇怪，是说下面那个机构不同意种新树，好象每个机构都同意保护资源，在这儿想了很久。

2、讲鹿的适应能力特别的好。

在美国除了比什么州还北边(这儿有题，问下面地区什么地方没有鹿生存)鹿几乎生活在美国的各个地方。比喻沙漠(有题，问为什么举例说沙漠)，这是因为鹿的食谱很广，甚至包括鱼，到了季节鹿就会用蹄子来吃鱼(有题)。等等。

3、美国在经济萧条的时期是怎样帮助各种艺术家的。

政府发了很多钱资助这些人。有一个机构组织作家写各地的旅游手册，包括当地的\传统，失传的歌谣等等(有题，问写了这些手册有什么用)。TEF机构帮助戏剧，降低票价，让更多的人看戏。(有题，TEF有什么作用)，还有一个机构雇佣很多画家在公共场地画壁画。帮他们度过了难关，为社会留下了很多有价值的艺术品。

4、一个computer program可以作画，比较简单

3月7日

第一个阅读是煤的形成过程-----附2月JJ

读懂下面这篇去考试绝对没问题了，惊人的相似，连用的名词都完全一样

Coal is formed by the physical and chemical alteration of peat (coalification) by processes involving bacterial decay, compaction, heat, and time. Coal is an agglomeration of many different complex hydrocarbon compounds, some of which owe their origin to the original constituents in the peat. Peat deposits are actually quite varied and contain everything from pristine plant parts (roots, bark, spores, etc.) to decayed plants, decay products, and even to charcoal if the peat caught fire. Peat deposits typically form in a waterlogged environment where plant debris is accumulated; peat bogs and peat swamps are examples. In such an environment, the accumulation of plant debris exceeds the rate of bacterial decay of the debris. The bacterial decay rate is reduced because the available oxygen in organic-rich water is completely used up by the decay process. Anaerobic (without oxygen) decay is much slower than aerobic decay.

In order for the peat to become coal, it must be buried by sediment. Burial causes compaction of the peat and, consequently, much water is squeezed out during the first stages of burial. Continued burial and the addition of heat and time cause the complex hydrocarbon compounds in the deposit to start to break down and alter in a variety of ways. The gaseous alteration products (methane is one) are typically expelled from the deposit and the deposit becomes more and more carbon-rich (the other elements drop out). The stages of this trend proceed from plant debris, peat, lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, anthracite coal, to graphite (a pure carbon mineral).

Because of the amount of squeezing and water loss that accompanies the compaction of peat after burial, it is estimated that it took vertical 10 feet of original peat material to produce one vertical foot of bituminous coal in eastern and western Kentucky. The peat to coal ratio is variable and dependent on the original type of peat the coal came from and the rank of the coal.

问题

1) 主题

2) 问在转化成煤的过程中没提到什么

3) peat lignite bituminous anthracite 过程中哪个过程物质发生了改变

还有很多词汇题，都很容易。

coal 媒 hydroelectricity

counterpart=style(没有version选，根据上下文我选了style应该没错)

第二个讲的是美国早期专利权的发展。

第三个讲的是一种昆虫

(有图，长的象蜜蜂，文章列出了它的名字，但是我想不起来了)dig nest。有时候他们会发现没有蜜蜂的洞，一是可能因为蜜蜂出去了，还可能是因为他们放弃了。於是别的蜜蜂就占领了这个洞。但是当挖这个洞的蜜蜂回来的时候，发现它的洞被占领了，於是两只蜜蜂就打起来，输的一方就必须离开。文章中还提到了蚂蚁。有一道题问为什么提到蚂蚁，我选得是因为蚂蚁也是挖洞的。

第四篇讲的是美国早期的人种谷物的。

第五篇热带雨林—2月JJ

接近赤道的一段地区, 有一个区域终年下雨, 四季树叶长青green, 且都是Broad leaves阔叶林, 热带雨林有数百种species, 这与北美洲的森林仅有少数种类dominant不同, 接下来热带雨林的特色, 高大的树木总共有2/3没有树支与数叶, 热带雨林从地面到空中, 可分为三层, 接下来细述这三层各有何特色, 然后阳光很难透入地面等等…

3月8日

，『前人机经，补充』有关造纸一篇(WORDEEP,)1，Spread plastic covering over a table, place a layer of felt（毛毡）, and then a kitchen cloth the middle. 2Give the pulp（纸浆）a good stir and place the mold（模具）so that the mesh（网眼）is face up, and put the deckle on the top. Grip the two firmly, holding them by the shorter edge. 3 Slip（滑）the mold and deckle at an angle into the pulp mixture, then straighten them up so that they lid flat beneath the surface of the liquid. 4 Keeping the mold and deckle level, pull them straight up out of the liquid. Hold the mold and deckle level–the water will drain back through the mesh. 5 Gently shake the mold and deckle backward and forward, and side to side. This will help the fibers settle and mesh together. 6 Take the deckle off the mold. Put one edge of the sheet of paper on the kitchen cloth and gently press the sheet of paper onto the felt. This is called “couching”. Sponge off excess water. Put another piece on kitchen cloth or interfacing over the finished sheet and continue. You can layer several sheets. To keep paper flat when dried, press between 2 laminated boards (shelves from a home supply store works very well). Layer with felt to absorb moisture.

1). A large vat is filled with water and paper pulp. The mold and deckle is used to scoop up the pulp to form a sheet. 2. When the water has run off, the deckle is lifted carefully from the mold. 3. The sheet is couched onto felt, sponging to remove excess water. 4. The mold is lifted to reveal a sheet of paper, ready to be pressed and dried.

2)，成固体的， movement动作，repeat，

考题：纸刚刚发明出来的时候，欧洲人不用的原因是他们不信任纸，全篇说人工造纸，虽然开头说很快接受。

词汇：

Still=Nevertheless, Eventually=Ultimately, Partial=uncompletely

seep＝pass through slowly，untrusted＝have no confidence, mesh网筛，vat大桶，大缸，tray平底浅盘，uneven不平的，不齐的，edge边缘，unsolidified不牢固的，未

Fix=attach

Watermark的意思，就是用铁丝放在TRAY上，在纸的背面形成作公司的标志。

最后一个是插句子题，是晾干之意，应该放在压制步骤“Press”之后

2，3种水力发电。一种就是大坝，一种时把Tube直接放在水流中（这种对环境改变最小，有题，Naturaly），另一种是Reversal（就是两个发现都可以抽水，有题），在用电低峰时把水从低抽到高，用电高峰在发电。

词汇：BLOCKED=Confined(想了好久，应该对)

3，关于垃圾处理和下水道的发展原因，New York。19世纪以前都是自己处理，NY的政府记录有人没有认真处理垃圾，后来城市发展，垃圾导致很多疾病，各个城市开始重视。但NY反而不是第一个改革的，最先的应该是Britain，因为所美国Chicago和Brooklyn效仿British

4，Colony时代的法律,在美国的律师少，但后来需要，有些是从英国学的，有的没有多少知识。有个Bar的注释就是律师行业（有题）。美国青年（特别是南方，因为南方没有College，推出北方有，有题）都去英国一个学校学法律，这地方不是法律学校，但是 a part of the law culture (有题)。然后当Established lawyer学徒。

有一词不肯定 Established = Qualified ?

最后一个插入题，应该放在最后。

3月10日

1、讲水污染的主题。

主要介绍水污染严重，问到水污染哪里最重(回答是港口附近)，还介绍废物的分解如果速度慢，就会造成污染。

3。介绍market & pattern 的发展。

中间考了一道题，描述了中世纪的pattern，然后画了四个picture,问哪个正确，要我看都象是狗屎，估计选错了。

4。介绍出版业的发展和繁荣过程，比较easy，不多说了。

附2月JJ

讲美国早期出版业的发展历史。词汇：vessel船，canal 运河，canal boat用于运河中的长而窄的船，exorbitant＝expensive，capital资本，资金（别想成首都），upstart暴发户，cautious=careful,

考题：

出版商遇到的困难，叫你选不是的是（except）：纸张太贵。

出版商不到美国南部的原因是美国交通那时大多是东西走向的，南部没有交通。

我们能从这篇文章推测出美国出版业比其它行业发展得更艰辛。

lolingcat · 2020年11月10日 12:37

1、有人说学生应该每年有个长假期,有人说学生应该是每年有几个短假期.问你同意哪种观点?

2、你是选择接受新事物、新经验，还是采取保守一成不变的生活态度。选择支持，并陈述。

3、the television destory the communication between you and your family and friends.-----出现6次

4、朋友有比钱, 不知道是买车还是去旅游,提出建议

5、there are many ways to escaping the stress and difficulties of model lif ,some body read ,some body excise,somebody -----which way do you think is best

6、高中生上学要不要穿校服。

7、如果你有一段40 miles(60 km)的旅行,你喜欢哪几种交通工具,比较他们的优缺点

8、有些人觉得看小说有趣enjoyable，有些人觉得看电影有趣。你觉得呢？—出现2次

9、如果让你设一个new holiday, 你会设一个什么样的holiday

10、learning by doing/reading/listening, which one do you like? --出现2次

11、IF YOUR SCHOOL HAS GOT A GIFT OF MONEY， WHAT IS THE BEST WAY OF USING THE MONEY？

12、Some people travel to new places and like to visit museums. Why do you think people like to visit museums? Give specific reasons and examples!

13、prefer to spend your leisure time indoor or outdoor?

14、zoo 有没有用？

15、Some people choose friends who are different from themselves. Others choose friends who are similar to themselves. Compare the advantages of having friends who are different from you with the advantages of having friends who are similar to you. Which kind of friend do you prefer for yourself? Why? ----出现2次

16、some people think government should spend money to expolre outer space, others think governemnt should spend money to our need on the earth.

17、Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should be required to help with household tasks as soon as they are able to do so. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.---------出现3次

18、应该保持自己的观点还是听从别人的意见

19、向朋友借钱会影响友谊吗？ ----------出现2次

20、有人喜欢接受改变友人拒绝改变选择那一个

21、和一个朋友在一起好，还是一堆朋友好？ ----------出现2次

22、why groups or organizations are important to people?

23、which kinds of plants is important to you or the people in your coutry.

24、People always think that a decision made quickly is wrong. Agree or disagree?

25、government决定在社区兴建一所新大学,列出利弊,讨论

26、如果你要给你小孩一个礼物帮助他的devlopment,你会给什么.------出现2次

27、Some students prefer to study by computer or television, some students prefer to study by going to school. Which one do you like.

28、Do you think that borrowing money from friends will do harm to friendship.

29、学校有钱是买电脑给学生还是买书给图书馆，A OR B

30、人们是不是只该读那种真人传记的书，AGREE OR DISAGREE

31、why the students choose to study aboard?

32、为什么游客为访问Museum

33、建一所大学agree or disagree and compare the advantages and disadvantages

34、大学生上课是否必要

35、有些人认为成功hard work 最重要,而luck不重要,你同意吗,举例子说明.

36、你认为让那些正在学习的teenagers工作是不是一个好的idea----2次

37、agree or disagree: teachers should be paid according to how much students learn.

38、students should have physical exercise every school day or spend the whole school day on acadamic studies

39、运气对人成功的影响

40、When people move to another country, some of them decide to follow the customs of the new country. Others prefer to keep their own customs. Compare these two choices. Which one do you prefer? Support your answer with specific details.

41、some Univ do not allow a student occupy a dorm, must assign two roommates.do you like living with a roomate?

42、Do you like a modern house or traditional house?

43、plants as food, shelter,clothing, medicine, which one do you think is important to you or your country…

44、people escape the stress and difficults of morden life.some read, some exercise,and some work in their garden.which one do you think is the best way?

45、人们准备在你的社区新建一所中学，谈谈你的观点和想法。

BillyWu 转贴的考试教材收集 （陆续添加中）

BillyWu 转贴的考试教材收集（陆续添加中）